Interactions between Pr(III) Sm(III) Cations

Interactions betwixt Pr(III) Sm(III) CationspH-metric study of substituted3,5-diaryl isoxazolines interlacinges in 70% Dioxane resolvent media .S.A.Thorat1,S.D.Thakur2ABSTRACT-The complex defining between Pr(III)Sm(III) metal ions and 3-(2-hydroxy-3-nitro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)isoxazolineHNMP2EIL1,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazolineHBNM4MIL2,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)isoxazolineHBNM3NIL3 make water been studied at 0.1M Ionic peculiarity (260.1)oC in 70% Dioxane water mixture by Bjerrum system as adopted by Calvin Wilson .It is observed that Pr(III)Sm(III) metal ions form 11 12 complexes with ligand L1,L2L3.The data obtained were used to estimate comp ar the set of proton ligand constancy constant (pK) metal ligand stability constant (log K).From estimated data (pK log K),the effect of substituents were studied.Key lyric poem-Substituted 3,5-diarylisoxazoline,Dioxane-water mixture,stability c onstant.1.INTRODUCTION-The studies in metal ligand complexes in outcome of a number of metal ion with carboxylic acids, oximes, phenol etcetera Would be interesting which throw light on the mode of storage and transport of metal ions in biological Kingdom.Metal with the view to understand the bioinorganic chemistry of metal ions, Banergee et al1 have synthesized a no. of mixed ligand alkalic earth metal complexes. Bjerrums 2 dissertation has taken the initiative to develop field. Metal complexation not only brings the reacting molecules to rushher to give activated complex 3 but also polarized electrons from the ligand towards the metal. The relation between stability and basicity of ligands is indicated by the defining constant and free energy change value Bulkier group increases the basicity of ligands as well as stability. The stability of complexes is determined by the nature of central metal atom and ligands. Poddar et al 4 investigated stability constants of some substitu ted pyrazolines,isoxaline and diketone Karalmai et al 5 have studied formation constants and thermodynamic parameters of bivalent metal ion complexes with3-amino-5-ethyl isoxazole Schiff bases and N,NN,O and O,O donar ligands in solution.Recently Tihile 6 studies on interaction between cu (II), Cr(II), Nd(II) and Pr(II) metal ions and substituted hydroxyl chalcones at 0.1 M ionicstrength pH metrically. Thakur et al 7,8 have studies the influence of dielectric constants of medium on the complex equilibrium of substituted hydroxyl-1,3- propandiones with Cr(II) metal ions and studies on interaction between Cu(II), Cr(II) and Ni(II) metal ions at 0.1M ionic strength pH metrically. Isoxazolines posses medicinal activities such as anti-inflammatory9,antibacterial,anticonvulsant10,antibiotic11,antituberculer12, antifungal13and anxiolytic activity14.In present work an attempt has been made to study the interactions between Pr(III)Sm(III) Cations At 0.1 M Ionic Strength with Ligand at 0.1 io nic strength,pH metrically in 70% Dioxane-water mixture.2. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe ligands L1,L2,L3 was synthesized in the laboratory by known books method. The purity of these compounds exceeds 99.5% and structures were confirmed by NMR, IR and melting points. The stock solutions of the ligand was prepared by dissolving inevitable amount of ligand in a minimum hatful of dioxane subsequently diluted to final volume. Metal ion solution was prepared by dissolving metal nitrate (Sigma Aldrich) and standardized by EDTA titration method as discussed in literature . Carbonate free sodium hydroxide solution was prepared by dissolving the Analar pellets in deionised water and solution was standardized 22. The stock solution of percholric acid was prepared and used after normalization 23.2.1. MeasurementsAll measurements were carried out at (260.1) 0C. Systronic microprocessor based pH meter with magnetic stirrer and feature glaze over and calomel electrode assembly used for pH measur ements. The sensitivity of pH meter is 0.01 units. The instrument could read pH in the range 0.00 to 14.00 in the steps of 0.005. The pH meter was switched on half an hour earlier starting the titration for initial warm up of the instrument. It was calibrated before each titration with an aqueous standard caramel solution of pH 7.00 and 9.20 at (260.1) 0C prepared from a Qualigens buffer tablets. The hydrogen ion ingress was measured with combined glass electrode.2.2. ProcedureThe data-based procedure involved the titrations ofi. Free acid HClO4 (0.01 mol.dm-3)ii. Free acid HClO4 (0.01 mol.dm-3) and ligand (20 x 10-4 mol.dm-3)iii. Free acid HClO4 (0.01 mole dm-3) and ligand (20 x 10-4 mol.dm-3) and metal ion (4 x 10-4mol.dm-3) against standard carbonate free sodium hydroxide(0.15 mol.dm-3) solution using Calvin-Bjerrum and Calvin-Wilson pH titration techniques. The ionic strength of all the solutions were maintained constant by adding appropriate amount of NaClO4 solution. All ti trations were carried out in 70 percentages of Dioxane-water mixtures and reading were recorded for each 0.1 ml addition. The sprains of pH against volume of NaOH solution were plotted (fig 1-3). The Proton-Ligand constants were compute from pH values obtained from the titration bows using the Irvin-Rossotti method and MATLAB figurer program (Table 1) .3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe extent of deviation may be the dissociation of -OH group. 3-(2-hydroxy-3-nitro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)isoxazolineHNMP2EIL1,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazolineHBNM4MIL2,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)isoxazolineHBNM3NIL3 may be considered as a monobasic acid having one replaceable H+ ion from phenolic -OH group and can be delineate asHL H+ + LThe titration data were used to construct the curves acid curve (A), acid + ligand curve (A+L) and acid + ligand + metal ion curve (A+L+M) between volume of NaOH against pH.The proton-ligand for mation number nA were calculated by Irving and Rossotti expression (Table1)Where denotes the number of dissociable protons, N is the concentration of sodium hydroxide(0.15 mol.dm-3), (V2-V1) is the measure of displacement of the ligand curve relative to acid curve, where V2 and V1 are the volume of alkali added to reach the same pH reading to get accurate values of (V2-V1) the titration curves were drawn on an enlarged scale E0 and TL0are the resultant concentration of perchloric acid and concentration of Ligand, respectively. V0 isthe initial volume of reaction mixture (50 cm3). Proton-Ligand stability constant pk values of Ligand were calculated by algebraical method point wise calculation and also, estimated from formation curves nA Vs pH (Half integral method) by noting pH at which nA = 0.5Bjerrum 1957 (Table 2).Metal-Ligand stability constants (log k) were determined by the half integral method by plotting Vs pL. The experimental values determined using expressionWhere N, E0 , Vo and V2have same significance as in equation (1), V3 is the volume of NaOH added in the metal ion titration to attain the given pH reading and TM0 (4 x 10-4 mol dm-3) is the concentration of metal ion in reaction mixture. The stability constants for various binary complexes have been calculated ( Table 3).3.1. Metal Ligand constancy Constant ( log K)It is observed that (Table3 a-c ) sufficiently large difference between log K1 logK2Values of Sm(III)for ligand L1 L2Pr(III) for ligand L3 indicates the stepwise formation of complex between metal ion and ligand except Pr(III)for ligand L1L2 Sm(III)for ligand L3. It showed that less difference between log K1 log K2 values indicates complexes are occurring simultaneously. The higher value of ratio(Log K1/ Log K2) forPr(III)- Ligand- L1 L3 Sm(III)-ligand-L2 complex indicates the more stable stepwise complex formation as compare to Sm(III) Ligand-L1 L3 Pr(III)-Ligand L2 complexes.3.2. Proton-Ligand stability constant (pK)-It is obs erved from titration curve in (fig.1,2,3)shows that the ligand curves starts deviating from free acid (HClO4) curves at pH 2.12,2.0,2.14 respectively. The extent of deviation s may be the dissociation of OH group completely.4. CONCLUSIONFrom the titration curve, it is observed that the release between (Acid + Ligand) curve (Acid+Ligand +Metal) Curve for all system of L1,L2,L3 started from pH=2.12 to 3.38, this indicate the commencement of complex formation. in addition change in color from yellow to brown in pH range from 3.35 to 10.07 during the titration showed the complex formation between Metal Ligand.Table no.1 Proton Ligand Formation number (A) at (260.1)0C and at ionic strength =0.1 moldm-3 NaClO4 in 70%Dioxane-Water mixture.a) System HBMP2EI(L1) PHV1V2V2 V1A4.424.705.075.145.215.425.636.006.146.216.286.356.376.426.496.706.847.007.357.427.567.708.008.358.428.568.709.009.359.703.25183.25193.27433.27433.27433.30003.33303.33303.33303.34133.34133.35723.35893.36603.36613.36 623.44963.45823.46623.46623.48673.48673.50003.50003.53303.53323.56603.63303.66603.76613.41173.45013.50303.50393.50603.53273.56593.56603.56603.60833.62933.65683.65893.68073.68893.69773.78243.79123.81593.81593.84643.85093.86703.86703.91123.91193.95024.03304.12274.24870.15990.19820.22870.22960.23170.23270.23290.23300.23300.26700.28800.29960.30000.31470.32280.33150.33280.33300.34970.34970.35970.36420.36700.36700.37820.37870.38420.40000.45670.48260.75970.70230.65660.65520.65200.65070.65040.65030.65030.59960.56810.55060.55020.52820.56080.50300.50180.50160.47670.47670.46190.45520.45120.45120.43490.43420.42600.40370.31920.2805b) System HBNM4MI(L2) PHV1V2V2 V1A3.353.373.563.704.004.354.374.424.495.075.145.215.425.636.006.146.216.286.356.376.426.496.636.847.007.357.427.567.708.008.358.428.568.709.009.359.499.639.709.849.9810.003.20213.20243.20383.20423.20833.24753.24823.25183.25193.27433.27433.27433.30003.33303.33303.33303.34133.34133.35723.35893.36603.36613.36623.44963.45823.46623.46623.48 673.48673.50003.50003.53303.53323.56603.63303.66603.66613.66623.66633.70033.76603.80003.28343.29623.32053.32153.32673.36713.37583.38483.38493.43323.43333.43333.46593.49953.49963.49973.50833.50863.52503.52953.53703.53713.53743.62133.62993.64743.65343.67423.68243.69743.69873.73283.75883.79273.88263.96603.99994.02404.03334.08304.16604.23300.08130.09380.11670.11730.11840.11960.12760.13300.13300.15890.15900.15900.16590.16650.16660.16670.16700.16730.16780.170600.17100.17100.17120.17170.17170.18120.18720.18750.19570.19740.19870.19980.22560.22670.24960.30000.33380.35780.36700.38270.40000.43300.87770.85590.82450.82310.82190.82030.80830.80020.80020.76140.76130.76130.75090.75030.75010.74990.74950.74900.74840.74420.74360.74350.74340.74300.74300.72880.71990.71960.70450.70430.70280.70140.66290.66140.62770.55270.50230.46660.44700.44510.41700.3723c) System HBNM3NI(L3) PHV1V2V2 V1A3.353.373.563.704.004.354.374.424.495.075.145.215.425.636.006.146.216.286.356.376.426.496.706.847.007.357.427.567.708. 008.358.428.568.709.009.359.709.8410.0010.3510.703.20213.20243.20383.20423.20833.24753.24823.25183.25193.27433.27433.27433.30003.33303.33303.33303.34133.34133.35723.35893.36603.36613.36623.44963.45823.46623.46623.48673.48673.50003.50003.53303.53323.56603.63303.66603.76613.79073.80003.90004.03303.26083.26383.27083.30423.32503.37553.37803.38183.38193.43213.43323.43333.46413.49823.49823.49913.50773.50823.52423.52593.53303.53323.53333.63333.65693.66653.68283.70333.70343.75033.75063.79223.79303.83283.89983.93294.06614.12484.16604.29884.53160.05870.06140.06700.10000.11670.12800.12980.13000.13000.15780.15890.15900.16410.16520.16520.16610.16640.16690.16700.16700.16700.16710.16710.18370.19870.20030.21660.21660.21670.25030.25060.25920.25980.26680.26680.26690.30000.33400.36600.39880.49860.91170.90780.89940.84990.82480.80610.80480.80470.80470.76300.76140.76120.75370.75220.75220.75200.75170.75070.74960.74960.74960.74930.74930.72430.70100.70030.67550.67570.67590.62560.62530.61260.61170.60390.6039 0.60370.55340.50240.45570.40810.2617Table 2 Proton Ligand Stability Constant pKSystem pKHalf integral methodPointwise calculation methodHNMP2EI (L1)HBNM4MI(L2)HBNM3NI(L3)7.00279.49399.84427.34879.26439.2987Table 3 Metal Ligand Stability Constant(Log K)a) HNMP2EI (L1)SystemLog K1Log K2Log K1-LogK2LogK1/LogK2Pr(III)Sm(III)6.58076.79263.84653.97882.73422.81381.71081.7071 b) HBNM4MI(L2)SystemLog K1Log K2LogK1-LogK2LogK1/LogK2Pr(III)Sm(III)9.47869.57477.73776.65631.74092.91841.22491.4384c) HBNM3NI(L3)SystemLog K1Log K2Log K1 LogK2LogK1/LogK2Pr(III)Sm(III)9.99909.76587.49117.48912.50792.27671.33471.3040

The Study Of Paranormal Phenomena Psychology Essay

The Study Of Paranormal Phenomena Psychology examineThe oeuvre of extrasensory phenomena or telegnostic flavour is a component of mental phenomenon. According to Kennedy (2005), telegnostic spirit is unchanging a poorly understood aspect in adult maleity. Some heap cogitate in it but some atomic number 18 strongly opposed to the idea of clairvoyant phenomena both voiceies ar rest firmly in their own viewpoint to an extreme. According to Cline (n.d.), parapsychology is a field that engages the study of psychological phenomena which be unexplainable by means of information or can say that it has against the principles and theories of acquisition. The endpoint parapsychology was invented in year 1889 by a psychologist, Max Dessoir. Paranormal phenomena can be divided into leash types which be clairvoyance or foreknowledge, telepathy, and telekinesis. Telepathy is the capacity to sense and exchange information across the spaces finished mind power. Telekinesis is the using of mind power to move objects. Clairvoyance or precognition is the capability to predict future events. Yet Tobacyk (2004) has divided the dogma in telegnostic phenomena into seven dimensions namely traditionalistic apparitional picture, psi, witchery, superstition, spiritualism, extraordinary liveness forms, and precognition.Paranormal looks ready been prepare in some(prenominal) cultures for to a greater extent than a thousand years (Jahoda, 1969 as cited in Wiseman Watt, 2004) and the recent surveys showed that these telepathic depressions be continuing to flourish at once (Newport Strausberg, 2001 as cited in Wiseman Watt, 2004). Paranormal phenomenon was experienced and believed by hoi polloi of all cultures. This means that people from distinguishable cultures will strike opposite mental picture systems toward extrasensory phenomena. According to Irwin (2009), people will normally fancy all these paranormal phenomena as realities or tr uths instead of just a persuasion system that should be assumeed by them in term of their own cultures. also, the paranormal principle within a decree also consists of its cultural and chronological contexts. In the cultural context, a particular paranormal depression is generally endorsed by a culture setting but it is non indispensable to hurl endorsed by people from another(prenominal) places who practiced contrary cultures. On the other hand, in the context of chronological setting, the paranormal mental picture that is mostly usurped in one time might be abandoned in other time within the same community. This whitethorn be due to that particular community has become unbelieving and is being to a greater extent emphasized on scientific evidences in viewing events or maybe the belief is just no longer adopted within that community.Why ar on that point so legion(predicate) people believing in the paranormal phenomena? According to Hood (2009), paranormal belief s atomic number 18 non scarcely spreading by people and making others what to think. However, he claimed that humankind brain has a mind target that guides them naturally to form and understand the world schema and to ease up sense of it by constructing the intuitive theories. These intuitive theories produce a paranormal sense and feeling. He declares that all these can take place wee in the development before culture emerges to lead peoples cerebration styles. The influences of culture may happen later on during childs development stages. Children will construct information ab issue the world through their own intuitive cerebrate which directs them to both normal and paranormal beliefs. Nevertheless, there is something in the human mind that guides people to belief. The sense of paranormal experiences or beliefs is a part of our mind design and thus it is deeply implanted in the shipway of how we explain all these paranormal phenomena.On the other hand, according to F ritscher (2012), paranormal belief is a practicable sign ofdis revisaled persuasion in the field of psychology. on that point may bewilder some lesions in the brain of the paranormal believers which cause them to pass water hallucinations. However, it is undeniable that the paranormal phenomenon has formed a crucial part of m whatever belief systems and world views of the people which affected their interpretation of the world throughout their life.Problem rehearsalA lot of look intoes turn out been carried out in order to test the paranormal beliefs based on the demographic variables much(prenominal) as age, hinge onual activity, socioeconomic status, races and culture. However, the hypothesis of social marginality had been used to predict the paranormal belief in these demographics (Irwin, 1993). Bainbridge (1978) and Wuthnow (1976) as cited in Irwin (1993) had state that the socially marginal groups such as the people from number 1 society status, out of work or havi ng the low fosterage train were given to believe in paranormal phenomena. This may because they believe that these can lead them to a better life. On the other hand, a research which examines the social marginality hypothesis in paranormal belief has been conducted by Emmons and Sobal (1981). The finding of their research shows that egg-producing(prenominal)s and unmarried people will normally associate with paranormal belief. The factors such as age, low education level and jobless usually do not have any correlativitys with paranormal belief. Therefore, it can be concluded that in terms of education level and employment, the social marginality hypothesis has a contradictory finding which failed to obtain the un diametricaliated firmnesss in all situations.Many researches such as the study of Irwin (1985), Mc-Garry and Newberry (1981), Randall (1990), Randall and Desrosiers(1980), and Tobacyk and Milford (1983) as cited in Irwin (1993) have showed that there are more(prenom inal) female than male paranormal believers. However, according to Gray (1990), there was an absence of gender differences for the students from science or non-science programmes. The male students of non-science courses showed the same level of strong paranormal belief as female students. Besides, the female science students showed low level of paranormal belief as male students. Thus we cannot vulgarise that females have stronger paranormal belief than males.Some researchers have claimed that the belief in traditional religions is same as the belief in paranormal phenomena, but this still remains questionable whether paranormal belief is connect to religious belief (Irwin 1993). Some of the researches stated that religious belief was correlated with paranormal belief, for example, the research of Buhrmann and Zaugg (1983), Orenstein (2002), Thalbourne and Hensley (2001) as cited in Tam and Shiah (2004). On the other hand, the study of Ellis (1988) and Rice (2003) as cited in Ta m and Shiah (2004) declared that religious belief is not related with paranormal belief. However, according to Rice (2003), in the relationship surrounded by religious belief and paranormal belief, there was a lack of confirmation whether their correlation is satisfying or not. This is because the relationship amongst them is much more multifaceted and diverse among the theories proposed.Besides the researches stated above, there are also many other researches about paranormal beliefs. There are some psychological inquiries which are very important and needed to be wonderd and known by everyone. Why do people believe in paranormal phenomena? Which group of people will hunt to believe in these phenomena? In this fresh era, most people tend to be more logically and scientifically in forming their ways of idea which are evidence-based yet it still has many people who believe in these paranormal phenomena. Therefore, it is necessary for us to know what kind of people and what are the reasons that lead them to believe in paranormal phenomena. On upside of that, the identification of the effects or consequences of paranormal belief that may have for human life are very important because it may have a great impact on the development of human civilization.Significant of StudyThe research and career that related with parapsychology or transpersonal psychology are not popular in Malaysia. There is no research done on this topic by Malaysian as their dissertations or theses temporarily. Therefore, there is a need to carry out a research on this topic in Malaysia.People from opposite parts of the world will have their own funny type of paranormal beliefs regardless of their cultures. These paranormal beliefs will have some influences in different aspects of human life. For example, it can influence the critical opinion or cognitive ability, socioeconomic status and creativity of an individual. Thus, it is necessary to carry out a project at Universiti Tunku Abd ul Rahman (UTAR) based on the students in Perak campus in order to examine their paranormal belief level and to identify the effects of strong paranormal belief in their life.It is important to know whether Asian females are stronger in paranormal belief equald with males, since almost all the western researches showed the consistent results that females will have a stronger paranormal belief compared to males. More all over, it is interesting to know if religion(s) will make their fol cut backs to have strong belief in paranormal phenomena and how they achieved that. Lastly, it is interesting to know whether students from Arts and light stream will have different paranormal belief level in Asian countries resembling Malaysia as most of the Western researches showed that wisdom stream students tend to have less paranormal belief compared to Arts stream students. All these researches carried out to examine gender differences, different religions and Arts and Science streams in l evel of paranormal belief are aimed to investigate whether the findings have cross-cultural consistency.ObjectivesTo determine whether females are stronger in paranormal belief compared to males as shown in most of the researches carried out by psychologists from western countries.To identify whether Science stream students will have less paranormal belief compared to Arts stream students as they have more scientific acquaintance and more scientifically ways of thinking.To find out whether the different religious beliefs will influence the belief of paranormal phenomena.Research QuestionIs there any difference in paranormal belief among males and females?Is there any difference in paranormal belief betwixt Arts and Science stream students?Is there any difference in paranormal belief among different religious beliefs?HypothesisFemales will have stronger paranormal belief than males.Students from Arts stream will have stronger paranormal belief than Science stream students.There is a difference in paranormal belief among different kinds of religious beliefs.Operational DefinitionSex According to American Psychological Association (APA) (2011), the term of sex is referred to the biological category of an individual, which is being classified as male and female. The term of gender was not suitable to use in this study as gender is referred to the behavior or attitude minded(p) by culture or society that is linked with the individuals biological sex according to APA (2011).Religion It still remains undefined under the international law (Gunn, 2003). However, according to Yinger (1970), religion is a system of beliefs and practices in which a group of people are struggling with the ultimate questions of life. There are many different religions in Malaysia, such as Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism and Sikhism. However, this study is mainly focused on Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism and Christianity as most of the UTARs students are Chinese and Indian. N evertheless, other religions similar Islam and Sikhism are very rare.Arts stream The faculties of Arts stream in UTAR Perak campus are Faculty of Business and Finance (FBF), Faculty of Arts and Social Science (FAS), Faculty of nurture and Communication Technology (FICT). The courses offered by FBF are Banking and Finance, Business Administration, Communication and Ne twork, Accounting, Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Financial Economics, and Finance. In FAS, it consists of the courses such as Languages and Linguistics, Psychology and Counseling, Journalism, Public Relation and Advertising. For FICT, the courses offered are estimator Science, Business Information Systems, Information Systems plan and Computer Engineering.Science stream The Science stream departments in UTAR Perak campus are Faculty of Science (FSc) and Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT). The courses of FSc included Logistics and International Shipping, Agricultural Science, Biological Science, Biomed ical Science, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Statistical Computing and trading operations Research and Microbiology. While FEGT offered the courses of Electronic Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Petrochemical Engineering, Construction Management and Industrial Engineering.CHAPTER IILITERATURE refreshNumerous journals, dissertations and theses about paranormal beliefs have been published by Western researchers. Almost all findings are consistent with the hypotheses stated. Below is the review of some journals, dissertations and theses about the concept and history of paranormal beliefs, its theoretical manikin and paranormal beliefs based on the demographic variables of sex differences, religions and different areas of study (arts and science stream).Paranormal BeliefsBesides the term of paranormal, there are also other words which have the same meaning such as superstitious, magical and weird. According to Lindeman and Svedholm (2012), psychologists have raised t he awareness and interest in the issues of paranormal, superstitious, magical and supernatural (PSMS) since the year of 1800. The term PSMS belief is defined as category mistakes which confuse the basic knowledge of temporal objects, mental phenomena, living organisms, and the development as a whole. This term has been applied inconsistently in many research literatures. PSMS came out with the conceptual descriptions which are classified into domain-general and domain-specific since last two decades. The definition of domain-general consists of five sets, namely belief in scientifically impossible phenomena, false beliefs, and associative biases (irrational acts, co variation bias and laws of clement magic). Nevertheless, this definition failed to differentiate other unfounded beliefs from PSMS beliefs as they covered a wide range of beliefs. The domain-specific definition can be further divided into two groups which are intuitive and counterintuitive beliefs about the phenomena of biological, material and psychological. This definition is more appropriate to classify the PSMS beliefs because it can explain some of the types and dissimilarities among them. Overall, there is no world-shattering difference among the operation of PSMS beliefs. (pp. 1-11)Richman and bell shape (2012) found that the levels of paranormal belief dropped over the years. This can be seen from two experiments by Richman and Bell (2012) with the university student latest sample (2010) as well as Tobacyk and Milford (1983), which were both carried out in Southeastern US state university. Even though there were similar levels of belief in a variety of phenomena for two samples, there were still some aspects of the paranormal beliefs which decreased dramatically over the period of 27 years. The paranormal belief subscales of precognition and traditional religious belief showed less significant differences for the two samples. Precognition will be endured due to the reality that more people had experienced the prophetical dream compared to other paranormal phenomena. In this case, the study of Royalty (1995) showed a significant relationship between the paranormal belief levels and the self- describe history of paranormal experience (as cited in Richman Bell, 2012). For the subscales of traditional religious belief in paranormal belief, it has been a human continuous lifestyle regardless of cultures and age groups. Furthermore, there were some researches, including Richman and Bell (2012), proposed that traditional religious beliefs have little or no relation with paranormal beliefs, for example, Randall and Desrosiers (1980) and Rice (2003) as cited in Richman and Bell (2012). There are different personalities and factors which cause people to belief in paranormal phenomena, for instance, high fantasy proneness, sensation seeking and high openness, external locus of control and neuroticism may also contribute to paranormal beliefs. (pp. 197-206)Moreover, Oh, Kim and Oh (2011) had done a cross-cultural study and revealed that Korean students have high(prenominal)(prenominal) paranormal beliefs compared with United States (US) students in general. Nevertheless, the paranormal beliefs, in both religious and non-religious people, have decreased in Korea and US throughout the ten year period whereby it can be seen from the two testing periods which are 1999 and 2009. A dramatically decrease can be seen in Korea. Korean students have higher(prenominal) paranormal beliefs in all subscales besides traditional religious belief compared with US students at the year of 1999. In 2009, Korean students still have stronger paranormal beliefs than US students apart from spiritualism and religiosity although there is more decrease in Korean students compared to US students. Therefore, the differences in paranormal beliefs between Korean and US students were not significant in 2009. This result obtained is most likely due to the advance in scientific k nowledge which may affect their thinking. The findings showed that people who possess and understand scientific knowledge will have lower paranormal beliefs and this idea is consistent with the study of Lim (1983) as cited in Oh, Kim and Oh (2011). (pp. 35-51)Sex and Paranormal BeliefsThere are many researches that have been done to examine the relationship between sex and paranormal beliefs. Many researches reported that females have higher level of paranormal beliefs than males. The review of Irwin (1993) pointed out some of the studies which proved that females will have higher global paranormal beliefs than males, such as Randall and Desrosiers (1980), McGarry and Newberry (1981), Tobacyk and Milford (1983), Irwin (1985), and Randall (1990). There are lots of studies stated in the review of Irwin (1993) illustrated that females will normally has higher belief in second sight than males in terms of precognition and telepathy, for example, Kennedy (1939), Emmons and Sobal (1981), Thalbourne (1981), Haraldsson (1981, 1985a), Tobacyk and Milford (1983), Irwin (1985), Gray (1990b), and Clarke (1991). According to Irwin (1993), females also portray higher paranormal belief in the subscales of psychic heal (Gray, 1990b), superstitions (Emme, 1940 Scheidt, 1973 Blum Blum, 1974 Blum, 1976), traditional religious concept (Hay Morisy, 1978 Emmons Sobal, 1981 Tobacyk Milford, 1983 Black, 1990), reincarnation (Gray, 1990b), astrology (Salter Routledge, 1971 Zarour, 1972 Wuthnow, 1976 Emmons Sobal, 1981 Fichten Sunerton, 1983 Grey, 1988 Gray, 1990b Clarke, 1991), and hauntings (Haraldsson, 1985a). On the other hand, males have showed higher belief in extraordinary life forms like Loch Ness monster (Tobacyk Milford, 1983 Tobacyk Pirttila-Backman, 1992), and in UFOs (Gray, 1990b Clarke, 1991). (pp. 8-9)The research of Wolfradt (1997, pp. 15-19) revealed that females have higher level of paranormal belief compared to males because they scored higher on some subsc ales of the Revised Paranormal Belief photographic plate (RPBS) such as superstition, psi belief, spiritualism, witchcraft and precognition. Nevertheless, there were no sex differences at the RPBS subscales of belief in extraordinary life forms and religious belief. On the other hand, Eder, Turic, Milasowszky, Adzin and Hergovich (2010, p. 521) declared that females will generally portray higher paranormal beliefs in the subscales of spirituality and traditional religious belief, but it was less significant to the subscales of witchcraft and psi. Besides, males showed higher paranormal belief in subscale of extraordinary life forms. However, there was no sex difference in the subscales of precognition and superstition. On the contrary, the study of Blackmore and Moore (1994) stated that there were no significant gender differences in paranormal beliefs in term of Paranormal Belief Scale (PBS) score (p. 95).Gray (1990) revealed that females are prone to adopt the paranormal beliefs like psychic, reincarnation, astrology and ESP, date males tend to believe in extraterrestrial life forms like aliens compared to females (p. 181). This is because males will take the initiative to think and learn mend females put more emphasis on their feelings or sentiments (Abele, 2003, pp. 768-776). Thus, females are more likely to believe in verbal phenomena such as psychic readings and males tend to believe in physical paranormal phenomena or science phenomena like UFO or aliens (Hauser, 2008, p. 1). Simultaneously, Houran and Lange (2007) concluded this as the cognitive differences between males and females in which males are more headed to naturally related phenomena while females are prone to humanly related paranormal phenomena (as cited in Hauser, 2008, p. 1). Therefore, these researches indicate that there are sex differences in the type of paranormal beliefs, but not the quantity of paranormal beliefs.Furthermore, the study of Preece and Baxter (2000) drew a conclusio n that sex differences were basically being discovered at each year group with females are normally less skeptical than males in term of paranormal beliefs such as ESP and psychic ability. This is because according to Preece and Baxter (2000), females have been influenced by the popular media such as newspaper articles or magazines. On the other hand, males are usually less skeptical than females about the UFO belief. Males tend to belief that aliens from other planets had visited commonwealth in the past. This may due to the particular interests of males in space traveling and universe which are ever being portrayed in the films or novels according to Preece and Baxter (2000). Nevertheless, the critical reasons for both males and females to adopt different types of paranormal beliefs might be the combination of biological aspects like genetic and cultural aspects like social norms whereby different roles were being instilled to them based on their gender. (pp. 1147-1156)Kennedy ( 2003, pp. 27-39) claimed that males will always be extreme skepticism toward paranormal belief because they tend to put a significant assessment on manipulation and rational thinking. Therefore, they may oft imagine that they are threatened by all these paranormal beliefs and thus showing aggressiveness toward different belief systems. National Canadian survey also obtained a consistent finding which claimed that males are prone to be the extreme skeptics of paranormal beliefs and think that spirituality was insignificant, while females will have the higher paranormal beliefs and think that spirituality was significant. According to Blackmore (1994b), most of the males were not concerned or attracted by the paranormal phenomena in terms of examining the atypical declaration or trying out the psychic experiences by themselves, they just relate their own belief systems (as cited in Kennedy, 2003). The fact contributed to these phenomena which has been stated by Kennedy (2003) is tha t males possess the genetic predispositions for analytical thinking and social authority. On the other hand, the findings of Lindeman and Aarnio (2006, pp. 597-599) stated that females possess higher intuitive and lower logical thinking and thus it seems to be the generative mechanisms for females to have adopted more paranormal beliefs compared with males.Art and Science bombard text in Paranormal BeliefsThe research of Gray and Mill (1990, pp. 162-172) showed that English graduate students tend to adopt more paranormal beliefs such as ESP, UFO, astrology, psychic improve and reincarnation compared to biology graduate students who have stronger belief in non-paranormal phenomena like evolution. The Biology graduate students needed fewer signs compared to English graduate students for the epitome of the information in the text they read. Even though less signs are needed by Biology graduate students on the scientific contents, their performances were not significant different wi th English graduate students. However, there was a significant coercive relationship between the number of signs required and paranormal belief in which the more signs required in order for completing a scientific context, the stronger the belief in paranormal phenomena. This is because they do not approach the scientific evidences with a proper critical standpoint. Therefore, this study pointed out that there were more English graduate students who have the higher paranormal beliefs compared to Biology students. Besides, the study of Craig (1991) demonstrated that the students from music-art and English-foreign language major league have stronger paranormal beliefs than the students from social studies and mathematics-science majors (p. 64).Morier and Keeports (1994, pp. 443-453) stated that students from science and pseudoscience class (treatment group) were generally having lower level of paranormal belief compared with the students in psychology and law class (control group). Initially, both groups did not show any differences before the course started. However, the participants from treatment group revealed a significant decrease in paranormal belief than control group in which the standard score units for control group only dropped with an average of 0.17 while treatment group was dropped with an average of 1.08. The ultimate cause that science and pseudoscience course has successfully changed the level of paranormal beliefs may be due to the dealing with such beliefs obviously and clearly during the class. In addition, Jones (1980) also proposed that paranormal beliefs can only be eliminated through the direct confrontation with the paranormal phenomena (as cited in Morier Keeports, 1994). This is because the science and pseudoscience course has provided students with more scientific knowledge which lead them to acknowledge science as a way to investigate and evaluate the paranormal events or misconceptions. Overall, the findings for this study disco vered that skeptical behavior can be achieved by scientific teaching or critical thinking abilities. These results support the study of Grimmer and White (1992) whereby it claimed that science education may add to the better skeptical attitude as science students will normally have a lower level of paranormal beliefs compared to arts students (as cited in Preece Baxter, 2000, p.1154).We can see that when an individual has more scientific knowledge or is interested in science, then he or she will tend to have lower paranormal beliefs compared to others who know little or nothing about science. Prichard (2011) had done a research to investigate paranormal beliefs and science motivation among the biology and psychology students. The participants consist of the students from advanced biology, precedent psychology, and advanced psychology. The findings showed that introductory psychology students have more paranormal beliefs compared to the students from advanced biology and advanced p sychology. Although science motivation is assumed to have an effect in reducing the paranormal beliefs, there was no significant difference between advanced biology and advanced psychology students in paranormal beliefs, albeit Biology students have higher level of science motivation compared to both introductory and advanced psychology students. Thus, Prichard (2011) had found that study through psychology course may become the greater predictor for reducing the paranormal beliefs compared to science motivation. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that science motivation will lead to a more rational thinking about paranormal beliefs as it is not the only factor for skepticism. (pp. 2-20)Religious Belief and Paranormal BeliefsThere are a lot of researches that have been carried out to investigate the relationship between paranormal beliefs and religiosity. In the review of Irwin (1993), Irwin (1985) reported that global paranormal beliefs such as psychic healing, precognition, telepat hy, psychokinesis (PK), and astral jutting have a positive relationship with religiosity however there is no relation between the global paranormal beliefs and religiosity reported by Alcock (1975). Besides, Tobacyk and Milford (1983) declared that there is a positive correlation between belief in precognition and religiosity (as cited in Irwin, 1993). Both researches of Haraldsson (1981) and Thalbourne (1984) claimed that belief in ESP was associated with religiosity in which ESP belief is positive correlated with praying, reading the religious materials and attending religious gathering (as cited in Irwin, 1993) but according to Irwin (1993), this was not proved by Irwin (1985) and Clarke (1991). Nevertheless, Jones et al. (1977) claimed that church interestingness do not have significant relationship with global paranormal belief and belief in various paranormal phenomena (Alcock, 1975 Sheils Berg, 1977), but Wuthnow (1976) reported that there is a negative correlation between church involvement and astrology belief (as cited in Irwin, 1993). On the other hand, according to Irwin (1993), religious affiliation has been declared that there is no significant relationship with either ESP belief (Murphy Lester, 1976) or global paranormal belief (Jones et al., 1977). Although Sheils and Berg (1977) reported a correlation between religious and paranormal beliefs, Thalbournes (1981) had reexamined the data and pointed out that the result was not significantly different (as cited in Irwin, 1993). Tobacyk and Milford (1983) had examined the religiosity in which it has a positive relationship with witchcraft belief, a negative relation with spiritualism, and do not have significant relationship with superstitions and extraordinary life forms belief (as cited in Irwin, 1993). The study of Clarke (1991) revealed that religiosity have a positive relationship with psychic healing belief and negative relation with belief in UFO or aliens (as cited in Irwin, 1993). (pp. 13-14)The research of Shiah, Tam, Wu and Chang (2010, pp. 367-382) had been conducted in Chinese population to find out the relationship between paranormal beliefs and religiosity. They reported that the believers of traditional Chinese religious will generally have stronger paranormal belief compared to Christian believers and atheists. Therefore, the greater participation of traditional Chinese religious believers in the activities which focus on paranormal experiences might contribute to greater paranormal belief, especially when it was compared to Christianity. The findings are consistent with the connotation that Christianity might have less paranormal belief compare with other religions.According to Hergovich, Schott and Arendasy (2005, pp. 293-303), the findings showed that there was a low but significant relationship between paranormal belief and religiosity. People who are self-reported religiosity and intrinsic religiosity have stronger relation with paranormal belief com pared to people who held extrinsic religiosity. Yet, the relation of Catholics and Protestants to paranormal belief is little or even portrayed a negative relationship between intrinsic religiosity and paranormal belief. Besides, there was a stronger paranormal belief with the participants who do not have the religious attachment. However, all these findings proposed that paranormal belief can be a substitute for the traditional religious belief. The main idea of this research is that there was a slightly positive relationship between paranormal belief and religiosity.Aarnio and Lindeman (2007) had conducted a research showing that the different results have been found for the correlations of religious

Case Study of the Strategic Issues of Chipotle Mexican Grill

Case Study of the Strategic Issues of Chipotle Mexican grillChipotle Mexican Grill is an American chain of fast casual restaurants shortly found in more than 1000 locations throughout the join States, United Kingdom and Canada. The chain specializes in tacos and burritos and has been in operation since it was founded in 1993. It is recreate by a board of four directors and a chair piece who is in any case the founder of the food chain and has its headquarters in Denver, Colorado. The troupe is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and posted a net income of US$178 million in 20101. It has a human resource of 26,500 employees.In 1998 McDonalds do an investment into the lodge that whollyowed Chipotle to pad quickly, however in 2006, McDonalds divested from Chipotle. In January 2006, the community made its Initial Public Offering to a very compulsive response from investors who were eagerly waiting on the listing of the companys shares since it had shown a notable sign of con tinuous growth and profitability. The share price doubled on the first day of listing as a public company.The company employs property financial and budgetary control systems that keep back seen it grow and expand without landing in financial crisis since it started operations. Multiple control systems are employ to ensure that the different restaurant maintain the company standards in the quality of products produced, employee welfare and1A., M,. Hospitality today an introduction. metropolis American Hotel living accommodations educational embed, 2007.upholding of the company policies and flush. The company encourages new innovations in its products and that is why they have any(prenominal) of the restaurants selling beer and margaritas depending on the location and demand from the clients. The company has focuse primarily on its initial core line of business enterprise which has proven to be an reward to the business because all emphasis is split upn to ensure the comp any mission is upheld without side destructions from extra deviations from the core business. Recent developments in the company implicateDec, 2010 Plans to on the loose(p) the first Asian casual concept restaurantDec, 2010 employ Chef Nate Appleman to develop new cuisineApr, 2010 Chipotle Q1 Revenues Up 15.6%Feb, 2010 Chipotle to open in Marion, OhioNov, 2009 Chipotle Finalizes spot In capital of the United KingdomNov, 2009 Chipotle Mexican Grill to de scarcely in LondonOct, 2009 Converted Organics Announces Tactical Relationship With IESI to Collect, Process And Convert Food wasteland 22J.R., Zapoli,. How to Succeed in the restaurant commerce Crunching NumbersnowThats the Bottom Line City 2005.Section 2 Key Strategic issuesDespite of its success, Chipotle does face break strategic issues that the company has to deal with. Due to its rapid growth and direct to keep increment, the company has encountered problems when raising the money to finance new operations since it is all company owned and does not franchise. The large act of outlets withal makes it difficult to ensure that company standards are met and maintained thus nigh outlets have lagged behind leading to embarrassing incidents like the norovirus outbreak in Kent, Ohio. The companys strategy still keep ons expanding and setting up new restaurants in key markets and offering new menus to bring home the bacon for different tastes thus sightly available near its clients with a choice of food and drink to cater for a wider trade thus remaining relevant. The company likewise faces study competition from other chain restaurants thus the need to come up with new innovations to attract and maintain clients. The company has also been implicated with the crime of employing people using fraudulent papers especially in its outlets in Minneapolis.Section 3 Analysis and EvaluationChipotles main challenge as a restaurant chain is to fight competition. Its main competitors include Qdoba Mexican G rill, Moes Southwest Grill, Rubios Fresh Mexican Grill, Pancheros Mexican Grill, and Baja Fresh. The company executives have set ways to make the company stand out amongst the competition in different ways that they hope lead enable the company to remain at the top and keep making profits as it has through with(p) since inception. One of the best ways is new innovations. This has been done by employing a new chef with vast experience to come up with new menus that will be tested in selected restaurants before the menu is adapted by all the restaurants. This is a gamble for the chain because it has had the same menu of burrito bowls, burritos, tacos, salads, respective(a) meats and extra dishes such as salsas, cheese, lettuce and guacamole which have been the restaurants signatures. The company has also been interrogation a childrens menu that is to be incorporated in all the restaurants to damp the children a fun menu to enjoy thus attracting more families and children to its restaurants. Innovations have also included plans to open Asian fast casual restaurants to give a wider choice to the company clients in the selection of food and drinks bit at the same time attract a new clientele of lovers of Asian food and drinks. The company has continued to open new branches all over the country and has even ventured in London and Toronto. This rapid intricacy has in the past proven a disadvantage for some companies but it is worth acknowledging that Chipotle has managed to handle the growth to its advantage and is a perfect ensample of what good strategies coupled with good management can result to. In spite of the rigorous aspects and challenges of rapid expansion, the company managed to be ranked as the eighth fastest growing company in the US ground on sales in 2009 and improved this to be ranked at position three in 2010 with a daily customer average of over 750,000 customers. Thus it is evident that this company has managed to expand in a profitable manner without even facing financial difficulties considering that it takes US$850,000 to open a new Chipotle restaurant.3A., M,. Hospitality today an introduction. City American Hotel Lodging Educational Institute, 2007.Strong and strict financial and budgetary controls have been employ throughout the company and this have enabled smooth foot race of the expansive business without financial problems. The money that MacDonalds had pumped into the company in 1998 was well used to fund the initial expansion and opening of new restaurants that saw the company restaurants rise in number from 18 in 1998 to 500 in 2005 3. This means that the company management did not first focus on paying themselves and issuing themselves huge bonuses rather the money was directed into the interests of the company. It is also worth to note that the founder of the company, Steve Ells was a graduate of the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York and has remained the chairman and C.E.O of th e company he founded. The relevancy of his educational and professional background to the company success is that Steve had acquired the relevant association and expertise in food production thus had all the needed background to set up a restaurant since he often knew what he was doing in a restaurant setup. Secondly, Steves background reveals how he had capable his first restaurant with a loan from his father thus the man has good intuition on how to spend money and his presence on the board of the company has ensured that the same intelligent virtues he had used in the beginning of the business trickle down even when the business has enceinte to astronomical scales of success. Successful operational controls employed by Chipotle restaurants begin from the top. erstwhile the first restaurant was on its feet the founder focused on growing the business rather than working in the business. This is instrumental because most business people get buried in the day to day running of their businesses and forget the reason why they started it in the first place. Chipotle has invested heavily in operating systems that enable the smooth running of the company restaurants considering the huge number of customers that they serve. The company has introduced new ways to order and pay for food items online from the nourish of ones home or office and even has an iPhone application for the same helping targeting the technology servy clients. This company has an abstract way of advertizement. Instead of the traditional media lie advertisements on television, radio and print, it heavily depends on word of mouth for advertising and the use of billboards. The company also sponsors cycling events and runs many events throughout the twelvemonth where it offers free food to participants.Works SitedA., M,. Hospitality today an introduction. City American Hotel Lodging Educational Institute, 2007.J.D., Dittmer,. Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls. City John Wiley Sons, 2008.J.D., Schmidgall,. Restaurant financial basics. City John Wiley Sons, 2002.J.R., Zapoli,. How to Succeed in the Restaurant Business Crunching Numbersnow Thats the Bottom Line City 2005.

Marketing Mix For Volkswagen Brand Marketing Essay

Marketing Mix For Volkswagen Brand Marketing EssayThe Volkswagen collection is champion of the worlds hint automobile manufacturers and the largest simple machine defecaters in europium. Comp both owns ten elevator car flaws from seven European countries Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, SKODA, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Volkswagen commercial-grade Vehicles, S green goddessia and MAN. Besides automotive assiduity, comp either operates withal in fiscal orbit.E really car mug operates as unconditional unit with unique portfolio. harvest-homes ar incompatibleiated from low-consumption small cars to luxury one. Commercial vehicle sector offers localises from pick-ups to b parts made by Volkswagen and heavy trucks made by MAN and Scania. Firm has 94 harvestingion plants around entire Europe and 8 in the Americas, Africa and Asia. Labour tycoon is estimated to 501,956 workers worldwide and deed to 34,500 vehicles every(prenominal) single day. The Volkswagen assembly exi sts in 153 countries so far. travail 1A lineage dodgingtypically is a document that clearly articulates the commissioning a patronage go forth pursue and the step it lead put in to chance on its goals. In a standardbusinessplan, thebusiness strategyresults from goals readed to die hard the stated mission of thebusiness. A typical businessstrategyis developed in three steps compend, integration and implementation.In the analysis step ofbusinessstrategy suppuration, one of several methods is employ to analyze a truehearteds securities industry, resources, obstacles to success and specific advantages. The goal of strategic analysisis to identify what abusinesswants to accomplish, the strengths it can bring to bear on accomplishing the goal and weaknesses that need to be addressed prior to integration and implementation. strategic assessment methodologies can include evaluating thebusinessenvironment, gaming various war worry scenarios, determining what commercialize plac e staff offices atomic number 18 at work and rating competitors, among some differents. integrating abusinessstrategy unremarkably is one of many steps in a largerbusiness plan transit. Abusinessplan begins with an everyplaceall vision. From the vision, amission statement for thebusinessis constructed, commonly the shorter and more precise the better. A mission leads to specific goals thebusinesswill achieve to accomplish its mission and that in suit leads tostrategyto achieve goals. Specific tactics are usually then developed to support the businessstrategy.Porters five forces model illustrated in Figure below stand bys to quantify the industrys attractiveness by examining the threat of sunrise(prenominal) competitors and easements, the 13 bargaining power of buyers and suppliers and the degree of ambition between existing competitors. (Porter 1984, 24) Porters five forces emphasizes the extraneous see which indicates the opportunities and threats in the commercial izes.(Wheeler crave 2006) An opportunity or threat could be events or trends that whitethorn affect the union in a positive or negative way when certain strategic actions are followed. (Aaker 1995, 21) These five forces strain the attractiveness of an industry and particularly that the participation can make use of these five forces to gain sustainable competitive advantage in the foodstuff of disputation. This influences the barriers of entry in the industry which includes vent deal caller-ups economic size, the result differentiation, demand for capital, and access to supply chain etc. (Porter 1984, 25-48).The first force of the model is the threat of entry of new competitors. This threat belittles the attractiveness of the industry by increasing the level.The industry structure analyses also the threat of substitute products. According to Aaker (1995) substitutes are manufactured by parties identified as competitors however with less concentration on the main(prenom inal) industry. And these manufactures have strong 14influence over the positiveness of market. The substitutes are able to provide the same requirement as the main competitors. As the substitutes can help a high society to emend its price strategy and performance, the client could choose their product without making any loss in prices. (Porter 1984, 44-46)The bargain power from buyer provide the opening move of the customer to press down price and ask more dish out which will decrease the lucreability of a smart set and influence the overall business. The characteristics of an industry dominated by customers are by means of high meretriciousness purchase and compared lowest prices. (Porter1984, 46-48)The bargaining power of suppliers exists in markets which are highly concentrated on selling in different segments and customers. The supplier may dominate markets by cast up the price level or decrease the products or service quality. The supplier can also affect the profi tability of an industry where the cost level cant be covered by increasing prices by victimization this technique. The suppliers have dominance in the market with opposite circumstance to industry dominated by buyers. (Porter 1984, 49-50)The last gene in Porters model is the degree of ambition between existing competitors. This consists of forms of rivalry much(prenominal) as price competition, new product maturation, im prove customer service and better guarantees. The defending actions against competitors are results of being threatened. The intensity of rivalry is collectable to various structural factors, such as the mo of competitors in an industry, or whether the industry is declining or raiseing, or associations strategic contri simplyions. (Porter 1984, 38-44)P5F.JPGFigure shows Porters flipper Force Model (Porter 1984, 24)Pest analysis stands for Political, Economic, Sociocultural and Technological analysis. It describes a framework of macro-environmental factors f or environmental scanning. It is a useful strategic tool for grounds market harvest-tide or decline, business position, potential and direction for operation. (Wheelen Hunger 2006, 73-79)PoliticalVolkswagen outsources a great deal of their manufacturing outside the Europe in continents such as Asia, Africa and South America. Due to these countries being considered as well-situated economies, organization may encourage local residents to try minimizing purchasing products from ab passageway, but instead use locally defecated products in order to maintain the placement of the home market and make a higher(prenominal) treasure of the GDP.However, these or any other legal or political constraints should not be a material barricade to continue outsourcing and/or sales in foreign markets. In certain countries such as Denmark and Norway car damages and adaptation alone can amount to the price of the car itself. These rules and regulations are becoming ever-increasingly common a nd pose a threat to sales of cars in other Scandinavian markets and places which seek to follow such a trend. near all of the regulations bugger off from consumers increasing concerns for the environment and the concern for safer automobiles. (Highfill, Copus, Smith, 2004)EconomicAs an advantage to Volkswagen few markets which proved to show a decline in salesmainly in Spain, which proved to show a decline of 16.8 %. Taken as a whole, sales of VW however, were on the increase- despite overall motor industry taking a dive. VW sales increased in W. Europe by 8.6 % improved sales figures. The main tell ons which contributed to the sales were Audi, Skoda, Bentley and the VW commercial vehicles. sales of the VW rider cars, such as the VW Sharan van grow tremendously in regions/ markets such as Central and Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific and North America. The percentage appendage of the following markets is as followsAsia Pacific with 17.4 %North America had a significant growing of 21.4 %Central and Eastern Europe with a larger 29.7 %Although the or so part of the growth came from the Central and Eastern European markets, in that respect proved a decline within the rectify market. As the following figures will indicate, the Polish appear to have opted for the more cost-focused car stigmatize, from the Volkswagen Group- the Skoda. This goes to prove that the Polish customers are evidently beginning to give out more cost-focused. This is the strategy the Volkswagen Group use, to scram cost-focused clients with the Skoda and for those seeking more luxury at an affordable cost it offers the clients the range from the Volkswagen product portfolio.SocialPoland is doing fine during economic crisis compare to other European countries. thither are few reasons for this situation. Firstly, it is a walloping solid ground with huge and cheap labor power. There are almost 40 meg of habitants in Poland, so it is attractive market for foreign companies. Secondly, t axation rate is relative low comparing it to for instance Denmark. Finally, location of Poland makes this sylvan competitive. Poland is settled up between Germany and Russia, both powerful markets but in the same time close to Scandinavia due to sea connection.Poles perceive Volkswagen brand as a car maker which produces stable, affordable and reliable cars. It is ground on German hard-working spirit and precision, that is why Volkswagen cars are very popular nowadays also in aftermarket. another(prenominal) advantage of having car from German manufacturer is the slowest ratio of care for loss among other automotive companies. (Business in Poland Law, tax and banking, 2006)TechnologicalVolkswagen has 94 production plants worldwide and special 8 in Americas, Asia and South Africa. There are two production facilities in Poland. One is responsible for making parts for various models, charm the other one makes commercial vehicle called Transporter. Main materials that participat ion uses to produce cars are. ships society intensively focuses on growing new technologies and innovation to become the most economical and ecological car producer in the world. straightaway quoting words of board chairman, Martin Winterkorn it seems that accompany is aiming for the leader position within automotive industry. Till 2016 we would uniform to invest 62,4 mld Euro for Research Development to become number one. .Moreover, company aim also for renewable energy sources like water, twisting and sun. German car manufacturer brings practical assistance service for sample Park Lane, which make car seeking for space and park afterwards. Another modeling could be a Temporary Auto Pilot which escort car under 130 km per hour. Together with Lane supporter car stays on same lane, so driver can do something else in same time. Above sentences proof that Volkswagen is consequently developing new technologies to make cars better, more ecological, more economical, more techn ology right and remaining affordable to every customer. Without doubts firm is one of the most leading if it comes to innovation in industry. (Volkswagen Technology).TASK 2Inbound logisticsIn frequent automotive industry right now is mainly using materials like steel, plastic, copper etc . By time going and constant innovation process and ecology care make this materials gets slowly substitute by other materials like aluminum, lithium and even cobalt. Volkswagen do not owe any mining subsidiaries thitherfore is addicted to suppliers. To secure production continuity company has to secure process of getting raw materials. That is why German manufacturer come up with raw materials strategy. This includes IT system called Central Procurement and exchequer System.OperationsAn operation is the process of putting raw materials together and producing the nett product. In this case Volkswagen operations process takes place in factories that company possesses. There are 94 production faci lities in different locations. Company believes in systematic localization so productions plants can handle themselves the value added process. This process of international outsourcing allows reducing currency risks, transport and duties.Outbound logisticsThis fraction focuses on delivering product to the retailers, outlets, stores or DTC. Firstly it is important to state that company has own logistics department called Volkswagen Logistics which deliver products to Volkswagen outlets. As it was stated before different productions facilities produces various parts and models. From those facilities cars are ready to be transported into outlets. Volkswagen Logistics uses mainly road transport and big trucks to transport ready to use products.Marketing and SalesThis section describes pricing, forwarding and selling the final product within value chain. Volkswagen makes adverts spots independently. Usually spots describe specific product or new technology invented to the car. They ar e played on TV stations, net profit websites, YouTube. Social services where Volkswagen exists like Facebook and Twitter allow users to share experiences with Volkswagen brand. It is a great tool to create a relationship or brand allegiance with actual customers and acquire new one.http//www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/images/value-chain-fig1.jpgFigure shows a pry ChainSWOT analysis provides the strengths and weaknesses as an internal factor of the company and Opportunities and Threats for the external environment of the company. Any company has to change its strategic planning according to the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis will also help the company to analyze the prospects after the acquisition of a Chinese car company.StrengthsVolkswagen has strong position in the Chinese market as it has a long experience in this market. Volkswagen has a strong brand portfolio a good assortment of luxury models are included in its portfolio and German engineering with competi tive pricing will make a big difference. Volkswagen has a strong research and development department which continuously whole works for the improvement in the quality, functionality and environmental compatibility. Volkswagen design team can come up with the customize design which will suit the customers of China.Weakness forgetful performance in Africa and North America can be issue for concern for Volkswagen. Operational inefficiency and weaker productivity are other reasons for concern for Volkswagen as it has relatively low employee productivity compared to its competitors.OpportunitiesThere is encouraging rate of growth in the Chinese car market. Chinese car market has reached $98 million in 2008. Market consumption has reached to 7.4 million units in 2008 which is an increase of 17.8% compared to previous year. The volume of market is expect to reach 13 million by year 2013 (Datamonitor, 2010).ThreatsIncrease in the production cost due to the increase in the raw material pric es. Increase in the government rules regarding the labor may also increase the prices. Increase in the competition may cause price wars due to which there will be fall in prices. There is enormous growth potential in the automotive industry in China and in the coming few years, various factors will derive the demand. There are enormous growth prospects in Chinas car market, the rate of car willpower is low and financial industry for automobiles is immature. As China is a developing country, its economy is expected to increase rapidly, it is least expected that the car industry will grow in a steady or balanced way. The car registration rate rose in 2002 and 2003 was 63% and 70% which were not sustained and the growth rate was moderate in 2004 with 16% and further menial in 2005. This slowdown of growth coincided with the huge investment in the rich field which led to the decline in the prices. However automotive sector recovered very strongly with the growth rate of 30% in 2006 and 24% growth rate in 2007 respectively (Automotive Industry Report, 2009).TASK 3Marketing Mix for Volkswagen BrandFor brand strategy of Volkswagen there is involvement of first P according to marketing mix is Product as described in model. The product in this model is specify as that combination of services and goods sell to the customers by the company or organisation in target market (Armstrong Kotler, 2005). From analysis it is piece that product is also a part of Brand name. Design and quality are the main product features that possess variety in them. Here an example can be quoted for a brand of Volkswagen Touareg that has been sold in India comprises of a package of seating, engine, breaks and engine etc. (Volkswagen India, 2009). Hence for product strategy the company is equipped with variety and design in their products including warrant for them which in turn results in good response from the customers and make them satisfied and bring loyalty in them.The second P in t his model if marketing mix is price. Price is of a product or service is defined as that amount which is paid by customer to the organisation or company for buying their products or services offered to them (Armstrong Kotler, 2005). While discussing the price strategy it has been found that there are 61 dealership offers high prices for the products to sell in India as compared to their rivals like Honda city and Ford, but there is variation that the company charge interest rate by 4.5 5.0 % instead of other rivals make with 8% or more as a loans given by banks or building societies of other rival car makers. This facility is attributed by the Volkswagen financial Services that aided to support the sales of the company to their customers.There is next P for the marketing mix is Place that is also very crucial in Brand management. The place usually referred to that place where there is availability of products of company to their customers. As in concerned to Volkswagen the company pertain in using dealers and distributors for the purpose of the sales of their products. There are two modes for the dealers to get authorised either through franchised or direct ownership of company. For the company their network related to their dealers is very important and is maintained in a proper way because the product of the company are introduced through them to the customers, hence it is very important. In the views of Kotler 2005 the company usually share their losses and profits both with their dealers for purpose to maintain the quality of cost leadership. At present the Volkswagen has fine relationship with their dealers in India and also involve in the dealing of their products with Skoda with 61 leaders (Top News, 2010).The last and fourth one P is Promotion. The promotion has variance in their objectives that has to be achieved in market. The promotion is usually handled with the tool of advertisement. The promotions for customers are added through the advertise ment that results in the excitement among them. The aim of promotion is to pull in target consumers. These promotions are based on the scheme of non profit but in turn results in the profit for the company (Bradley, 1993). For example the Volkswagen Company in year 2009 has immerseed a promotion named Pre Monsoon campaign published by Motor beam, 2009. This promotion is for the purpose to establish the brand of company India. In India the company offered a variety of range of services to their customers and fro this company is getting profit from the promotions of the company brand.Market developmentAccording to Reiziger (et al, 2003) when a company took entrance into a new market and launch themselves by introducing existing products this is came to know as the development of market, and the main aim of the company is to lure the customers from the their existing competitors in that exiting market i.e. new market. The company Volkswagen has got the entry into Indian market in 2007 by launching their product Jetta, then after two years in 2009 the company has launched two new cars in market with their existing brand using the brand value in market these cars are ionic overhang and the Touarge sedans (Volkswagen India, 2010).DiversificationAgain in the views of Reizger (2003) this is the entrance of any new company with having the launch of their new product under its own brand is termed to be diversification. This strategy is commonly recognised as most risky one as there is introduction of two new entities one is market and other one is product. For the Volkswagen diversification is not so risky, as it has already successfully launched a variety of cars in the market with its own brand and in accordance with its brand image and with every brand it has inched higher and created sense of the demand in the market on every launch of new products. Most currently the company has as innovation there are four new car that has gone to be launched in 2012 and these new coming products are SUVW, Couple, Up and Blue Sport (Volkswagen, 2010). inductionVolkswagen is a successful company with long history and well-known brand name. Firm tries to continue tradition from decade as a muckle car with putting innovation to it. Such successful company like Volkswagen is can aim for the bigger goals. With power and support of the Volkswagen Group firm has a chance to dominate automotive sector. Carried internal marketing and external marketing audit proofed that it is really hard to find a weakness within company structure.To remain successful on the market company have to use winning strategy. No matter what are the circumstances Volkswagen still have to put additional resources for research and development of the newest technology and maintain current labor power and structures within human race Resource Management. Make their products better and better in order to get by with other automotive companies. And finally deal with long term issues like ho w to substitute petrol.APPENDIXhttp//www.seeklogo.com/images/V/Volkswagen-logo-F2A46D9A81-seeklogo.com.gifhttp//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcT4wE65k57GIDmexFeoF3r7IHdy2mhBUw7aiyb79vnjeeZwYnfkdwFigure shows the 1st model of Volkswagenhttp//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ park/0/0b/1st-Volkswagen-Jetta-Sedan.jpg http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcR7JKyGkitlyAsnNvL7B_q5aF5goOl8utO5su5BRnzWOVuRC5JJLatest model of volkswagen

Users Perception On Digi Telecommunication Ebilling Service

Users Perception On Digi Telecommunication E tiradeing portionDigi telecommunication (DIGI) established in the year of 1995 and is a headspring-known prompt communications brand comp only in Malaysia that provides a completely kitchen stove of highly affordable and simple to use Wi-Fi telecommunications gos to piddle easier and amend the satisfaction level towards Digi guest. The company provides mobile ph 1 as well as fixed tele holler systems products and work which enable people to cohere connected always with each other no matter where they atomic number 18. DIGIs ii main(prenominal) business lines dish ups argon operates into such(prenominal) as Digi prepaid, Digi postpaid and global supporters as voice function, and text communicate, multimedia messaging service (MMS), broadband internet, GPRS/EDGE and wireless application protocol (WAP) as data services. Digi postpaid is where the user apply fixed line service to call and pay the bill after their total us age used for the month whereby Digi prepaid user have to pay and reload the attribute first before using the service, and this do non need any phone bills. International services are also called as international direct dial (IDD), which enable customer to make international roaming such as calls and text messaging.2.0 Rationale for the callDigi Telecommunication industry is among one of the rapid grow industry in Malaysia. The telecommunication sector is expanding apace because of its up-to-date services and products. Due to the rapid development of technology, people are now in the era of telecommunication and internet based. Everything in the creation are frequently communicate using internet and business rear end be deal using online transaction. This development has become a renewing for the development of the nations industrial sectors. All mobile communications company in Malaysia are seeking different ways to compete themselves from their competitors and gain benefits over competition. A good quality of service becomes the promoting method to attract customer attention as it is the most important factors in customer satisfactions.The main reason for choosing this title is to interrogation and identify the users perception on Digi e-billing services in Penang area. Besides, it also helps users to aware about the existence of Digi e-billing service. It is important to forge the customers requirements, demands and the perception of the customers towards Digi e-billing services as in to gain the customer service level. Therefore, hand phone bills that are postal mail to the customers in periodic basis is already become a regular method among Malaysians. Its already a fact that in this current advanced technology world, all single individual in urban areas has a mobile phone because its one of a trends and lifestyles for people.Besides that, another reason is because of the current modality change issue, Digi has now took part in the Go Green operate to reduce the climate impact, Digi has now fully launch and encourage e-billing service system to postpaid customers. For those postpaid customers who choose to exchange to e-billing and unsubscribe for paper billings, DiGi bequeath be contribute the each of the postpaid customers paper billings of RM3.00 to WWF-Malaysia as a reforest funds. This is an effort to minimize the environment impact by encouraging the postpaid customers to receive the monthly statement electronically rather than receiving the usual paper bills. Besides playing a role in protect the countrys forest, Digi customers also get to reduce the monthly bill by RM3 to convert to e-billing service.3.0 Research Question and Research ObjectivesThis section will brought up most questions in this question paper which are relevant to the look for title and also to identify the main objective of the research paper. There are 10 research questions created which are related to the title. The questions are as under1) Why do customers choose Digi as their telecommunication net income?2) What are the level of customers satisfactions by using Digi postpaid network service?3) How do customers sign up for e-billing online?4) How do customers received their monthly statement bill through e-billing?5) Do e-billing service brings convenient to customers?6) Do customers record in e-billing service?7) Do customers prefer received monthly statement though paper bill or e-billing?8) How frequent customers able to check on the e-billing statement in a year?9) Do customers support Digi to go for Go Green by using e-billing?10) How does the users perception level on Digi e-billing service in Penang area?3.1 Research ObjectivesThere are 2 main objectives for this study. The objectives of this study are to identify the users perception level on Digi e-billing service in Penang area. Secondly, is to let user aware about the e-billing services and encourage them convert to e-billing to reduce climate imp act.4.0 Research MethodsThe type of this research method is based on empirical project. The research is focused to have a spate on the Digi e-billing Service in Penang area only. This research will involve a total of 150 respondents to get the feedback. To make this research into more well focused study, the respondents will consists of the Digi postpaid network service customers in the Penang area where they will select to participate into this survey only. They were either the existing or previous Digi postpaid user. The research is not limited to any other requirements either age or religion. Overall, all Digi telecommunication postpaid user in Penang area will participate in this research study.In this research, primary and secondary research is include to obtain the data collection. Primary research will started off with distributions questionnaires to Digi postpaid users in Penang malls such as, Queensbay Mall, Gurney Plaza, Prangin Mall, 1st Avenue Mall and also headland Q uay Mall. Besides that, e-mail survey will be forwarded out to discriminating friends and other Digi postpaid users by e-mail. And finally, an individual interview will be held between the Digi sales person and other Digi postpaid users. Next, secondary research will obtained by using electronic databases such as journals and articles and online research.5.0 clock ScaleActivityDatelineTitle / Article13th April 2011 intent13th April 2011Questionnaire ConstructionQuestionnaire AnalysisMethodology AnalysisLiterature analyzeSubmission

Water Pollution in Egypt

Water contamination in EgyptThe Cause And belief Of Water Pollution In EgyptWater is the basis of life, which is without the life roll in the hay not exist. It is a opening of drinking peeing for humans and animals and the source of floriculture. Also, it is essential factor for the industry. Thus, our lives on the planet argon linked to wet and the great River Nile is the lifeblood of life in Egypt. Its revenue is used for domestic use, agriculture and manufacturing so that confirms our lives linked to wet. The shargon of Egypt from the Nile is 55.5 billion cubic meters annually, under an apprehension signed in 1959. Despite the germinateing number of Egypts population arrival nearly 62 gazillion the Egypts share was not increasing, which means that per capita body of water from the river had fallen considerably (Tahlawi, M. Farrag, S,2007). In addition, water quality of the River Nile decreased as a entrust of chemical and industrial processes, usewater plants, an d runoff.Chemical And industrial ProcessesThe main reason behind the water contaminant is chemical and industrial processes. This is because the factories and manufacturers in Egypt are throwing industrial and animal waste into streams and rivers that caterpillar tread to environmental and health problems. The second reason is thermal pollution which is caused by alter water that be pick ups to issue the do of oxygen in the water which in turn premises to death of the animals, plants and change in water temperature. Furthermore, there are other reasons that contribute to water pollution such as primitive and inorganic pollutants, plastic waste and pesticides. For instance, pesticides and chemical fertilizers cause to increase the fare of nutrient in the water that provide suitable environment to grow algae in water. This contributes to diminish the measuring of oxygen in the water, which lead to death of marine animals. However, water pollution allow for leads to contami nation of dry bring will cause problems that related to human health and nutrition. The contamination of nastiness occurs by direct contamination such as using of pesticides for clownish purposes or waste factories. Also it may occur by validating contamination when water mixed with chemical a material which leads to leads to miserable fertility and low crop production. Furthermore, some of harmful chemical materials will affect on plants and natural composition. This will reduce the mount of nutritionary value. However, not only does soil contamination relate to plants, but it similarly relate to human and animals. Where the contamination of food crops lead to cause health problems owing to eat Food plants or animals (Laurel, J. Ruthann, A Swartz, K. ,2008).Wastewater Plantsnot only does water pollution occur by chemical and industrial processes, but it also caused by wastewater plants. Campaigns bedevil demonstrated the results of observe carried out by the ministries of health, housing, irrigation show that wastewater plants contaminate the groundwater in the villages and countrified areas. These problems will cause to speared disease among those people who do not have clean drinking water supply. Groundwater is an important source for drinking and irrigation. The uneconomical use and pollution by harmful substances is a continuing little terror to this important source of fresh water. It is exposed to pollution due to irregularities waste plants, oil pipelines, mining, and radioactive materials. Therefore, The Ministry of State for purlieual Affairs is faced this phenomenon of Nile river pollution by implementation of the Environmental Protection Law. This new law direct to the concerted efforts between various ministries and agencies which are contributed of deal with 100 million cubic meters of polluted wastewater had been dumped on the river. These efforts will continue to solicit all industrial establishments and tourist not exchange on the Nile water in order to protect it from any contamination (Tahlawi, M. Farrag, S.,2007). outpouringRunoff which is come from storms is not clear water because it contains a spacious amount of wastes. Furthermore, it considers one of the most serious sources of pollution compared with municipal wastes. There are many studies which have been done by scientist in order to sterilize the problem and resolve it. The writers show that urban runoff can lead to many problems such as direct pollution and overloading which is came from sewage intercession facilities. So writers refer these problems to hydraulic overloading and other kinds of pollution that come with runoff. However, the writers evoke that there is report one providing many solutions in order to reduce water pollution through banding source pollution and up(a) of level of methods and techniques for checking the street surface pollution. However, also there is research have been made by URS Company in order to collec t selective information about source, quantities, and pollutant properties of street surface pollution and it found a huge amount of information that the pollution related with storm water and john system (James, D. Gail, B Franklin, J,1974).From the above, it is clear the extent of contamination incident was the result of human activity on sea coasts and rivers. Also it is because of throw a cargo of sewage, industrial and agricultural in sea coasts and rivers. These harmful factors lead to decreased water quality in the River Nile. However, human intake of water has increased rapidly with the increase in population numbers significantly Thus increasing the demand for water, at the time remained when the quantity of water resources on earth steady. Also with a shortage of cultivated land to be the protection of water and its sources of pollution in this age of the quantity and quality, and increasing the need to rationalize consumption and saved it is important. Also the cou nterbalance of future generations is to maintain the great river Nile. Also working to rationalize the consumption of water until it finds their children and grandchildren a clean and suitable for use for the purposes of life. Finally, drinking water should be protecting from waste and pollution.ReferenceJames, D. Gail, B Franklin, J. (1974). Water Pollution Control Federation. In Water Pollution Control Federation. pp. 458. Retrieved October5,2009 http//www.jstor.org/ durable/25038149Fiset, N. ( 2009). What is the Cause of Water Pollution?. In Ezinearticles.Retrieved October5,2009 http//ezinearticles.com/?What-is-the-Cause-of-Water-Pollution?id=528398Laurel, J. Ruthann, A Swartz, K. (2008). Environment Toxicology and Chemistry.New York Standford University.Environment Candad (2007). What are the impact of water pollution? Retrieved October5,2009 www.ec.gc.ca/indicators/default? Long=enn=AfA3189Tahlawi, M. Farrag, S.(2007). Groundwater of Egypt an environmental overview. Resear ch of Groundwater pollution.

Measuring Zinc Intake Among Children in Luwelezi Mzimba

Measuring surface Intake Among Children in Luwelezi Mzimba cognomen Validating the surface aspiration amongst Children aged 24-36 months in Luwelezi Mzimba utilize intellectual nourishment frequency questionnaire. presentmentOur bodies contain 1.5 to 2.5 grams of coat, found in all(prenominal) organs, tissues, and proboscis fluids . coat is infixed for the return and repair of tissues because it is involved in the synthesis of desoxyribonucleic acid and RNA, therefore making zinc Very important for the Developing sister (24-36 months). Zinc pulmonary tuberculosis correlates deportly with protein consumption, groups be at risk because of circumscribed meat inlet. Zinc deficiency in children effects harvest-festival retardation, pointless abnormalities, impaired immunity and Poor wound healing. Zinc deprivation impairs emersion and development of infants and children. Evidenced with studies that chargeed atomic number 30 supplements produced highly signifi pilet im provements in elongate development and weight gain of children .Consequently Zinc intake estimate argon important both for epidemiological studies and in the clinical setting. A good estimate of nutrient intake is a difficult task, and the choice of regularity de compileds on the aim of the test. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) is a practical motherfucker for validating nutrient consumption, however can the same be renowned when validating Zinc intakes.OBJECTIVE To assess the Validity of zinc intake use a regimen frequency questionnaire for children in the midst of 24-36 months.MATERIALS METHODSA longitudinal survey design was conducted, entropy was collected twice over the year.Calculation of savor Size. Total number = 96, utilize error of mean 10%, 50% CV and 95% confidence level.Exclusion Criteria was utilise, this included the ability to slip by a diet record therefore only P bents and Guardians that were literate, no precedent involvement in a diet lega l opinion charter, and no major(ip) diet changes in the past 6 months. Leading to the playing area recruiting n=85 Children (age range 24 36 months) from Luwelezi in Mzimba. Participants were selected using innocent random sampling. Informed consent was obtained from participating parent/guardian, and a peculiar(prenominal) effort was make by the Nutritionist to illuminate the importance of an faithful and not manipulated 3 day diet record. Collecting biological samples is lots culturally unaccept fitted, muchover with children (aged 24 36 months) to rural populations in countries desire Malawi and opportunistically getting samples from children already compromised at infirmarys/Clinics cannot offer the correct reflection of Zinc intake cod to some already being Zinc deficient. fit to a study by Gibson he found that Zinc level findings of dietary back out to biochemical indexes were of importly akin of 60 women in southern Malawi, therefore this study will not be usin g biochemical markers. Ethical approval was sorted from Local, District and field of study authorities.Zinc FFQAlthough the FFQ is apt to self-administration, in this study it was administered by a trained interviewer, this was do due to low literacy rates and thus to improve accuracy. The operation need less than 10 min for each interview. Biasness arises when collecting data using FFQ d one and only(a) once a year, which may introduce a seasonal worker bias because certain foodstuffs are often consumed only at one time of the year. Therefore, this study collected data during both seasons rather than simply at one time then reason the fairish.The steps that were interpreted to improved internal validity of the FFQ included, Assembled and calibrated equipment a selection of topical anaesthetic utensils were purchased and calibrated with a standard measuring cup. Acquirement of Picture charts enactment the foods to the highest degree often eaten in Mzimba. Translated and pre tested the FFQ was translated into topical anesthetic Language Chichewa Tumbuka, a indicator lamp draft of the questionnaire was tested on a smaller sample, using respondents similar to actual population. Trained the interviewers adequate training for the interviewers is critical. The interviewing techniques should always be logical both among the interviewers and over time.Estimating portion sizes is the most challenging part of the recall interview but also one of the most critical for ensuring high-quality results. This study used clay molded into the correct size and shape of the food to help estimation. Converting portion sizes to weight equivalents ,portion sizes was converted into weight equivalents by using dietary scales and using leftover portions to Calculated the resemblance of edible percentage. FFQ commonly suffer from overestimations or underestimation, this will reduce them errors. Reviewed the recall interview data at the end of the interview with respondent b eing present.Atomic tightness SpectroscopySome nutrient authorship values for a local staple food could not be derived, therefore the study obtained direct chemical analysis. This approach is especially desirable for zinc because their content in plant-establish Staples often depends on local trace element levels in soil, scientific agriculture practices. The principle of analysis is to deposit zinc using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) based upon the absorption of radiation by warrant atoms .This was done by preparations of three replications of each concentration in dedicate to get an average using 100-mL volumetric flasks. In order to determine the total amount of zinc, multiply the concentration obtained by the dilution factor (100mL).3 day food record after(prenominal) completing the FFQ, subjects were asked to keep a 3 day estimated diet diary (food record), recording everything they ate and drank, at the time of eating. A list of household measures was enclo sed with the diary form. well-rounded verbal and written instructions were given to the subjects on the methods of recording data. fierceness was put during the explanatory phase prior to diet recording to mediocre record the actual intake without any fear of judgment relative to provender.Estimation of Zinc nutrient scoresFor each food item, zinc nutrient content per average unit was compiled. Using nutritionary paper of each food derived from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) food composition tables and Diet Master 2100 software when necessary was developed allowing the total Zinc intake for the FFQ and 3 sidereal day record book to be sendd and compared to AAS.statistical ANALYSISZinc intakes were calculated separately for FFQ, 3 day Record and AAS, and only then were comparisons made (refer to physique 1). Calculating total zinc intakes Once the daily food intake has been measured, total zinc intakes can be calculated by multiplying the amount (g) of each food c onsumed by its zinc content (mg zinc/100 g). Specificity was defined as the proportion of those with a daily Zinc intake below 0.80mg on the FFQ. impressibility was defined as the proportion of those with a daily Zinc intake above 0.8mg on the FFQ. Confidence intervals at 95% were also calculated using Excel 2013 software, ANOVA single Factor refer to Fig 1.RESULTSThe study had 85 respondents of which 47 (55.3%) were females and 38 (44.7%) were boys refer to graph 1. The average age of the Respondents was 29.0 1.2 months. Mean dietary Zinc intake from the 3 Day diet records was 0.909 mg=day with a variance of 0.041, whilst FFQs was 0.90mg=day with a variance of 0.0366 and AAS was 0.89mg=day with a variance of 0.0366. The normal distribution of Zinc data from both diet AAS, 3 day record and FFQ revealed no significant difference between mean intakes (P0.064).Fig 1 analysis of variance Single Factor for zinc Intake for the children diets, with P-value of 0.91.Results shows they is a no significant difference in zinc intake between the 3 methods used. give-and-takeThe study findings showed that all the mind excessivelyls used to assess zinc intake were equally precise as evidenced by Figure 1 (F= 0.093.03, p = 0.91), this shows that they is no significant difference in findings, the diverse assessment tools were able to come up with similar results in zinc intakes of all the n=85 respondents . Hence increasing the reliableness of FFQ, since it is one of the most used instruments in the majority of large-sample studies in nutritional epidemiology. Validation studies are carried out to measure the extent to which a method actually measures the tantrum of the diet it was designed to measure with the group being measured. Validity and reliability are currently used criteria for selecting dietary assessment tools for observational research. merely it is important to note that validation procedure of a dietary assessment tool is essentially impossible, as there is no absolute currency standard for measuring dietary intakeCONCLUSIONThe purpose of this study was to validate Zinc intake for children in Luwelezi Mzimba using the FFQ. It was found that they was a significant correlation of Zinc intakes between all the methods used to calculate zinc intake, therefore the study justifies that FFQ is a valid tool in assessing dietary intake of Zinc.STUDY LIMITATIONSUsing FFQ is depends solely upon the respondents memory.Calculating procedures based on estimation and assumptions. QUESTION 2INTRODUCTIONSystematic universal approach to determine nutrition status is an essential to achieve global health, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). This assessment allows explanation of present and past occurrences, hence indicates likelihoods of future possibilities to childs health. For this purpose, gravelth charts are adopted, in April 2011 Malawi also joined the 125 Countries across the world shifting from National Center for Health Sta tistics (NCHS/1978) to WHO/ 2006.This paper aims to search why it was necessary for Malawi to make this outstanding change.The recommendation for adopting the WHO standards for Malawi are based on several considerations includingIMPROVED METHOLODY AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT.The production of the WHO child growth curves underwent a careful, methodical process. Which included vicious methods of data collection, standardized across sites has to be followed during the entire study, thus exclusion criteria develop. Sound procedures for data counselling and cleaning were applied). The selection of the best statistical approaches and State-of-the-art statistical methodologies used to generate these standards making them the highest conceivable quality Smoothed curves and empirical methods indicating a true description of the growth of healthy children, in contrast the NCHS/WHO data was collected from 1929 to 1975 and does not even match current national endure weight distributions. Als o, the statistical methods accessible at the time the NCHS/WHO growth curves were constructed were too limited to correctly model the pattern and variation of growth. As a result, the NCHS/WHO curves do not adequately represent early childhood growth. The equipment by NCHS in 1977 cannot be matched to State-of-the-art statistics used by WHO in 2004. equally evidenced by differences between recumbent aloofness amounts from the Fels data and the tallness measurements from the NCHS data sets were larger than extended when the transition was made from recumbent length to stature between 24 and 36 months compared to WHO standard.IMPROVED DIAGNOSTIC AND superviseWHO and UNICEF have developed a network with facilitators which aim at keep training and other technical aspects of the standards implementation at regional and landed estate level. They provide training packages emphasizing the importance of accurate measurement, plotting and interpretation, plus financial backing of gr owth problems. A child that has a nutritional growth problem, is determine and appropriate action should be determined to address it. Growth assessments by NCHS/WHO is not remain firmed by appropriate response actions to prevent and get by excessive or inadequate growth, hence it is not effective in improving child health. Some Malawian settings where parents are not able to seek and afford treatment plus no presence of an nongovernmental organization leaves the diagnosed child in grave danger. Another plus for WHO growth charts is that their study was followed incrementally, with each infant measured 21 times between deliver and two years. The shorter measurement intervals results in a better tool for observe the rapid and changing rate of growth in early infancy However, the NCHS/WHO infants were measured once every 3 months and used supplemental data due unavailable data for the first two to three months of life. The cross-sectional nature of the NCSH/WHO charts represents achieved size of infants, it does not describe rates of growth as accurately as growth represented in longitudinal growth chartsBREASTFEEDINGThe WHO growth standard promotes breastfeeding as the custom that should be followed to attain optimal growth among children exclusively or predominantly breastfed. This is consistent with the Malawis Baby-friendly Hospital approach. Infant feeding guidelines recommend breastfeeding as the peak source of nutrition during infancy. Thus, the WHO standards provides a platform for advocating the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding and adequate complementary feeding. In this regard, the WHO standards are expected to make meaningful contributions to reducing child unwholesomeness and mortality in Malawi. This will now allow accurate assessment, measurement and evaluation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding because it recognizes the adequacy of human milk to support healthy growth and development. However the NCHS/WHO nearly all infants included in the sample were formula-fed resulting in a reflection different to the pattern of growth typically observed in healthy breastfed infants. This makes it gravely suitable for Malawi due to most of our infants being Breastfed, therefore exposing them the many benefits exclusive breastfeeding come with promoting optimal child health.GROWTH STANDARD NOT GROWTH REFERENCEChildren in the WHO standards were raised under ideal circumstances and health conditions. As a result the WHO growth charts are designated as the Golden standard identifying how children should grow when provided with optimal conditions .On contrast with NCSH/WHO charts which shows a snapshot of weight and heights of the sampled population, no matter of whether their rate of growth was optimal or not. Therefore the NCSH/WHO charts potentially show the growth of some infants who may have been fed sub-optimally, raised in substandard environmental circumstances or had infections, chronic illness or disease. Adopting this Golden Standard is helpful for Malawi as it allows the comparison to be made with the very best.INTERNATIONAL SAMPLE POPULATIONThe origins of the children included in the WHO standards were astray diverse. They included peoples from Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East In this honor they are similar to a lot of populations ,due being ethnic diverse. The growth of the children in the 6 various sites was very similar because their environments were similarly healthy. This indicates that we should expect the same potential for growth in any country. Traditionally it was believed that different ethnic groups show different patterns of growth. However WHO standards has refuted this belief showing that variability in infant growth was greater within population groups than between the different country groups. The major Concern with NHCS charts is that the sample consisted primarily of discolor middle-class infants from southwestern Ohio (USA). So making the data obtained unrepresentative, WHO charts means Malawians are also capable of growing to these heights under optimal conditions. Osati zungu simuthu, amakula kwambiri kuposa ife Amalawi. unexampled ELEMENTSWHO Standard approach goes beyond the development of growth references towards a standard, inclusion body of motor development milestones provide a solid instrument for aid to meet the health and nutritional needs of the worlds children. A further set of charts comprising MAUCZ, HCZ, SSFZ and TSFZ were released early in 2007. All charts are available both percentiles and Z-scores, making it easier than ever before to record and assess Nutritional status of infants, one can just get a paper, pen and MAUC tape fold in the pocket and off they go into the Community. hence generate reports using WHO Anthro, which is an exciting software in itself.CONCLUSIONAfter sensible and carefully evaluation the adoption of the WHO charts for usage in Malawi appears more helpful f or the childrens nutritional screening and hence hospital access than NCSH/WHO growth References. This is due it enables the detection of a higher number of feed children or at nutritional risk, thus allowing the much needed just early intervention to be undertaken. Also the Development of WHO charts were promoted and supported by Stakeholders (NGOs, Governments etc.) that are currently active in Malawi and contribute significantly to our National Budget, WHO charts makes it easier for steadfast interventions and communication between these stakeholders and Malawi .