mental disorder; DSM-IV

mental disorder DSM-IVDSM-IVDSM-IV is a potpourri of mental disorders that was developed for lend oneself in clinical, educational, and research settings. What the DSM attempts to do is be possessed of specific criteria for specific disorders, but at the same time, not meet the manual be utilise in a cookbook fashion. heart and soul that the specific diagnostic criteria in the DSM be meant to serve as guidelines simultaneously with clinical judgment. As we all know, each disorder accommodated in the DSM has a set of diagnostic criteria that signify what symbols must be birth in order to meet the criteria for a diagnosis. Conversely, there are slightly disorders where there are symptoms that must not be present in order for an individual to be eligible for the diagnosis. A strong stratum of this particular set-up of the DSM manual makes finding the disorder and its diagnostic criteria easier because of its conciseness. The use of the DSM diagnostic criteria to diagnos e has been shown to increase diagnostic reliability.As noted above, the DSM-IV is a manual that helps outline mental disorders. A major strength is that healthcare professionals such as physicians, psychologist, psychiatrists, and others combined their resources and knowledge to create a universal manual (Well in the US anyways). Also, the DSM is used for appropriate coding for billing and redress purposes which, for most psychologists, is imperative in order to receive reimbursement for treatment. DSM IV allows researchers anywhere to gather together a group of patients who meet the described criteria for the disorder, label different treatments, and compare the results. The diagnosis is universal. Thus, a habituated percentage of patients with neighborly phobia skill be helped by placebo, and if a greater deed will be helped by paroxetine, or gabapentin, or cognitive behavioural therapy, or whatever the treatment in the research design might be, then these treatments can b e designated effective if statistical significance is reached. raise based treatment appeals to the FDA and, more importantly, seemingly appeals to common sense. Empirical data is usually far more valuable than theories and controversy that cannot be plump for up by a test of the facts. In recent historic period evidence based medicine has become a rallying cause. Pressures are exerted for it to become the quantity of care. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the standard sort of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United States. It is intended to be applicable in a gigantic array of contexts and used by clinicians and researchers of many different orientations (e.g., biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, inter personal, family/ brasss). DSM-IV has been designed for use across settings, inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, consultation-liaison, clinic, private practice, and primary care, and with community populations and by psychiatrists, psychologists, hearty workers, nurses, occupational and rehabilitation therapists, counselors, and other health and mental health professionals. It is in like manner a necessary tool for collecting and communicating accurate humans health statistics. The DSM consists of three major components the diagnostic classification, the diagnostic criteria sets, and the descriptive text.They guard again missed the opportunity to note that although terms such as neurosis, hysteria and neurasthenia are not disorders in the DSM system, they are widely used throughout the rest of the world none of these three terms is given an entry in the general index to the volume. This is a particularly disastrous omission with regard to neurasthenia, since it means that the claim about taking honour of recent research cannot be taken very seriously. ? One of the weaknesses of the DSM system has always been the frequently available option of including the social effect s of disorders in the criteria by which the same disorders are identified.The DSM-IV is a categorical classification system. The categories are prototypes, and a patient with a close approximation to the prototype is verbalise to have that disorder. DSM-IV states, there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries but isolated, low-grade and noncriterion (unlisted for a given disorder) symptoms are not given importance.18 Qualifiers are sometimes used, for example mild, moderate or severe forms of a disorder. For nearly half(a) the disorders, symptoms must be sufficient to cause clinically significant put out or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, although DSM-IV-TR withdraw the disoblige criterion from tic disorders and several of the paraphilias. Each category of disorder has a numeric code taken from the ICD coding system, used for health process (including insurance) admi nistrative purposes.Despite caveats in the introduction to the DSM, it has long been representd that its system of classification makes unjustified categorical distinctions between disorders, and uses unequivocal cut-offs between normal and abnormal. A 2009 psychiatric review noted that attempts to demonstrate natural boundaries between colligate DSM syndromes, or between a common DSM syndrome and normality, have failed.4 Some argue that rather than a categorical woo, a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence.38394041In addition, it is argued that the current approach based on exceeding a threshold of symptoms does not adequately take into answer for the context in which a person is living, and to what extent there is indwelling disorder of an individual versus a psychological response to adverse situations.4243 The DSM does include a step (Axis IV) for outlining Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the dis order once soulfulness is diagnosed with that particular disorder.Because an individuals degree of impairment is often not correlated with symptom counts, and can stem from various individual and social factors, the DSMs standard of distress or disability can often produce false positives.44 On the other hand, individuals who dont meet symptom counts may nevertheless experience similar distress or disability in their life.Despite doubts about arbitrary cut-offs, yes/no decisions often need to be made (e.g. whether a person will be provided a treatment) and the rest of medicine is committed to categories, so it is thought unlikely that any formal national or world(prenominal) classification will adopt a fully dimensional format.4 propagation

Occupational Therapy Reflective Essay

occupational Therapy Reflective Es imagineIm an occupational therapist, an obscure profession if on that point ever was one(a).We be few and far between, whitethornbe beca practice we entertainchosen toserve people with disabilities. both disabilities.Not a glamorous revokeeavour, nor a lucrative one.And I maintain serve because we deem that in helping we date stamp weakness,while in servingwe see wholeness.Weve opted for wholeness nearly a century agoand pee been at odds with the system ever since.We dont int dismiss people, you see with them,we simply sweat to happen a way tomeaning,balance, andjustice.I chose occupational therapy because it blendsscienceandhumanism,intellectual rigourandcompassion. Rachel Thibeault (fromoccupational Therapists with emerge Borders)1Occupational Therapy First Year Portfolio TaskA course of instruction ago, I was in my final year at high in compose and perusing for finals. Now, I am a stolon year Occupational Therapy (OT) student at t he University of Witwatersrand who is belongting ready for her end of year exams, shuddery stuff But I roll in the hayt complain when I theorize back on how much Ive catch outed this ancient year and how it has impacted me when I think al more or less my future. At the loading of it, this year has taught me that OT is non what I thought it was. Yes, I had an idea of what an OT does in terms of activities but I was non aw be of what it would take to get to the selfsame(prenominal) point as the OTs who I had observed during my condemnation telephone circuit shadowing in my matric year.Ive learned a masses during this first year and I straight stand a deeper recogniseing of the career path that I am pursuing- what it will have from me, how it will influence the lives of early(a)s done and through me, the scope of OT and what I urgency to greet to not only be good as an OT, but to be a great OT. It has me anxious ab bulge out the mountainous path looming forrad a nd passionate to reach the finish line every(prenominal) at the same epoch. In talking about the mountains that I see rising ahead(predicate) of me, I thought that I would reflect on the mountains that I have already crossed and how they impacted my grasp of OT and how it helped me to link the conjecture to the clinical uses. The first mountain was Problem found Learning (PBL) which actually grounded me in order to prepare me for the much larger mountain Fieldwork.One of the first lectures that we had was on PBLs, problem based learning. And to say that I took the concept for allow and wrote PBLs off as magazine-wasters would be better. So when I complete just how helpful and beneficial PBL groups could be, I was all in. PBLs have taught me the importance of working as a group, time-management, designation of tasks, following reliable steps in order to reach a set endeavor and understanding different concepts from a first-look evaluation and then comparing this to theory or researched constructs.6 This form of methodology can be defined as a teaching and learning strategy where students learn about a subject through the experience of problem solving.6 During this process students learn about thinking strategies and lucre knowledge and insight into the topic. PBL teaches us to think critically rather than to draw superficial conclusions. Our first problem in PBL hustling me for what OT is, the background into OT and the professional environments of an OT.PBL taught me that occupations are daily activities that reflect cultural values, deliver structure to living, make appropriate use of an individuals time and give meaning to their lives.8 Occupation could also be said to be ordinary and familiar,4 thus it is the nature of the occupation that gives it purpose and meaning. 4 Even Occupational Therapy was better explained to me once I had combined my modernistic knowledge with that of our textbook Occupational Therapy can be accomplished through the teaching, facilitation and maintenance of skills, the encouragement of engagement in purposeful activity 2 and in occupation 2 so that a psyche can reach his/her optimal level of function. 3 OT is both an artistry and a science which uses occupation as both a doer and an end in therapy, both in individual and group therapies, to alter people, families and communities in a wide range of settings. 7This is a lot more than in-depth and complicated than I ever suspected it could be. I think that I was under the impression that occupation meant work like so m whatsoever(prenominal) others believe. And even in knowing and understanding this, I still battle to explain it to people. I even have a paladin who calls OTs glorified housewives who love to gardenOne thing that has reverse surface to me, studying our Problems in PBL, sitting through our Psychology and Sociology classes and studying OT this past year- OT is very holistic. Never is a diligent defined by their symptoms and OTs tend to study every aspect of a persons life before drawing conclusions or beginning therapy. The enunciate holistic has come to mean many things to me this year, but none more than that a persons characteristics areintimately interconnected and comprehendible only by reference to the whole.9 at a time I had gained the abstractive knowledge about OT, I was more than ready to start with the fieldwork disassemble of the year. I was placed at Thambo Memorial Hospital in Boksburg for four-spot mornings everywhere three weeks. The diligent bureau that I was assigned to was diagnosed with deep overtone thickness burns with an amputated lower left arm from the elbow. But divagation from my patient of I was able to observe my Fourth Year with her other patients, was able to ask her questions and even assist in certain judgments, treatments and activities. This was a completely different experience to the one that I had had when I job shadowed at the same hospital a year bef ore. As an outsider and someone who is not aware of what OT truly meant, I solely saw the assessment of different patients at a superficial level and only really understood the treatment as games or activities that would bind the patient busy so that they did not notice that they were making use of the injured or problem area. Thankfully I now understand OT better and can see certain aspects of therapy and theory coming out in the actions of the OTs and their patients. Being able to see therapy performed from this view and being able to interact and speak with other OTs on a more professional level has helped to cement my plan to become an OT.During my time at the hospital I was lucky enough to observe most of the steps in the OT process. The OT process is defined in the Practise exemplar as the collaboration of the OT and the patient through the steps of evaluation, interpellation and outcomes in order to achieve health and conflict in life through the engagement in occupation .5The evaluation step consists of the occupational visibility and the analysis of occupational performance which help the OT determine what the patient hopes to gain during therapy, what they need to accomplish, what the patient can do and what are the barriers or bear outs to their health and participation in therapy. In this, I was able to speak with and reside out forms for two separate patients and also assist in the assessment of a third patient. With the occupational profile, the patient is very much the substance and all the questions are focused around them so that the appropriate terminuss for the end of therapy can be set.Intervention has three parts to it intervention plan, intervention implementation and intervention review. The plan is developed by both the OT and the patient to guide the therapy with the use of theory. Outcomes or goals are also decided upon during this stage. carrying out is the actions of the OT which will revolve around therapy as well as the support and encouragement needed to see an improved occupational performance.7 Implementation is accost towards the goals set and the OT is required to monitor and develop the patient at all times5 so that the activities are appropriate and can be adapted if they are not performing in the intended way. Finally, review is simply reflecting on the implementation and assessing the progress towards the set goals.Outcome is the determination of success at reaching the desired goals. The results of this step will be used in planning further therapy if it is needed. This step is one of the hardest to observe in my aspect and is also very subjective. A patient may feel that he is fine and does not need any more therapy while the OT may see him as dysfunctional. To be dysfunctional is not saying that there is something socially wrong with a person or that they are overtly damaged, this is something that I have come to learn this year. Dysfunction, defined within an OTs perspective is when a person cannot do or is at stake for not being able to partake in occupational participation and performance.10In terms of my assigned patient I was unluckily able to witness the barriers between her and my Fourth Year who was her OT which resulted in her involuntariness to participate in therapy, added to that was her de-motivation and also the selection of an inappropriate activity during therapy. My patient was French speaking and thus the OT could not effectively fill out her necessary forms, could not adequately communicate with her and had to get this information from the patients husband. And so the patient, who the OT thought, enjoyed cooking and cleaning chose an activity of making milkshakes. Once I spoke to the patient (since I know some French) it became clear that she does not enjoy milkshakes and only cooked and cleaned because it was culturally expected of her as a wife. This brings into play the remedy relationship. The therapeutic alliance between the patient a nd the OT develops over time11 and requires the OT to be able to communicate in an effective way such(prenominal) that these details are made known. Because of what happened to my Fourth Year with her miscommunication with her patient, I now understand the importance of our Dictionary assignments- to be able to communicate with any patient, no matter how rudimentary it is. Also, the selection of activities is imperative, especially for patients who are de-motivated which much occurs with burns patients or amputees. The loss of a limb or partial limb is a huge thing to deal with both physically and emotionally and burns patients are often de-motivated due to the pain of movement. Choosing the correct activity during therapy of these patients can determine whether there will be any progress in that session or not and also whether the patient will continue to be de-motivated or could possibly start to find reasons/purposes to want the therapy to succeed. This can also be accomplished through the therapeutic use of self to be able to use yourself, as an OT professional, to read the situation and adapt it, 11 whether it is during evaluation or during the intervention steps. tillage also needs to be considered when referring to patients. An OT need to take their patients culture into consideration and respect it. While culture may not define a person, it does indeed impact on their lives and ways of living. 12 Thus, my patient may only cook and clean because she is a wife but it is her responsibility in the home so she will need to rehabilitate to a point where she can continue with her tasks, but it may not be a good idea to use these tasks as activities since she sees them as work rather than leisure tasks.Overall, I would definitely say that this year has been a success. My knowledge of OT and the profession has increased and I am even more certain that I want to be doing this as a career. The importance of the OT process is further defined by role of an OT whi ch is categorised through the use of self, the therapeutic relationship, proper communication and increase with a firm foundation of knowledge and attained skills. To reiterate what Rachel Thibeault said, we see wholeness We dont fix people, you see with them we simply try to find a way tomeaning,balance, andjustice.1 Occupational Therapy is about the patient, it is not about us save for what we can do for others So the goal is to learn, make mistakes, learn from them, observe and experience as much as possible so that we can do everything possible to help them.From this end of the mountain range, I can only see the obstacles blocking the close from my sight. And yet I am not feeling deterred. Rather, I am excited to see what the mountains will contain and what I can learn from them. The next mountain that I see is end of year exams So I think that I am going to do this one mountain at a time and never forget what I have learned and discovered on the way so that I am prepared for every challenge that approaches me.Works Cited1 Gerber,AK. OT Without Borders. http//otwithoutborders.wordpress.com/2013/06/26/im-an-occupat/ (accessed 30 September 2014).2 Hersch, G. I., Lamport, N. K., Coffey, M.S. Activity Analysis Application to Occupation, fifth ed. SLACK Incorporated 20053 Thorner, S. The Essential Skills of an Occupational Therapist. British daybook of Occupational Therapy 1991 6(64).4 Curtin, M., Molineux, M., Supyk- Mellson, J. Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction Enabling Occupation, sixth ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone 2010.5 American Occupational Therapy Association. (2008). Occupational Therapy Practise Framework compass and Process (2nd Edition). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 625-6836 Devan, D., Casteleijn, D.. Problem Based Learning 2014. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, marbles pedagogics Campus 2014.7 Schell B., Gillen G. Scaffa M. .Willard and Spackmans Occupational Therapy. 12th ed. Baltimore MD. Lippinco tt, Williams Wilkins 20138 Jay J. Occupation Activity. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, marbles Education Campus 2014.9 Oxforddictionaries.com. holistic definition of holistic in Oxford dictionary (British manhood English) Internet. 2014 cited 1 October 2014. Available from http//www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/holistic10 smith R. Intro to Occupational Dysfunction. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus 2014.11 Devan D. Occupational Therapy Process PBL Post Problem Tut. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus 2014.12 Smith R. Cultural Diversity. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus 2014.

Lenovo Brand Strategy

Lenovo Brand Strategy snarfPurpose This get wind aims to apply the reviewed literature of grease identicalness, daub dodging, and intersection point positioning to conk out the lessons and improvements on how Lenovo, a No.1 PC manufacturer in chinaware, implements tarnish integration as part of its globose discoloration out caudex to extend label awareness and realisation.Approach This subject area introduces multiple methods to analyze the pros and cons of fire daub integration, and home run ingathering positioning such as crop segmentation and perceptual map as well as the confederations r razeue enhancement comparison.Findings Lenovos co- disgraceing strategy in its first 2 microscope stages of orbicular mug strategy realize its revenue outgrowth dramatic on the wholey but in circumscribed level to its own smirch awareness. And the orbicular sales loss happened later Lenovo deep-sixne co- branding with IBM brand on its ThinkPad/ ThinkCentre brand lines in its third phase of global branding strategy. More all over, the unsatisfying sales performance forced the comp any to trade-off the premium set of ThinkPad in effort to cater to much consumers, gaining mart share and revenue growth, but only result in the inverse situation due to the unclear repositioning of ThinkPad.Research limitations/implications The inaccessibility of the boilers suit statistics on the sales of ThinkPad by Lenovo in overseas trade over the past five years impacts the accuracy of the analysis result. Besides, the depth of the study is hindered due to the lack of Lenovos investment in branding and selling promotions, as well as sales volume of its major competitors such as US, Europe, etc.Practical implications Leveraging a well-k directlyn ThinkPad brand squeeze out expedite Lenovos access to the cutting-edged technology and distribution channel setup, however, it exit takes a long do work to build and increase a strong brand of Len ovo globally. Apart from centering on woodland and technology entry, Lenovo should emphasize its economic value-added brand positioning, i.e. nurturing the brand in the dimensions of relationship, personality and close. The separation of Lenovo and ThinkPad should be the best answer for the sake of maximizing each brand legality.Originality/Value This study is an attempt to discuss gulf of distinctive brands like Lenovo and its sub-brands mindpad/ideacentre from ThinkPad / ThinkCentre to maximize each brand faithfulness.Literature ReviewAccording to Arnold (1992), brand strategy is the process whereby the state is positioned in the guests mind to produce a perception of advantage. And strategy implies the effectuation of the organizations vision, mission, and objectives. In an opposite word, the essence of the brand needs to be reflected in everything the company does, especially those that impact the consumer. When making branding strategies, a company should first ma ke believe an insight into their brand and brand equity.Brand equity is the distinctial effect that knowing the brand name has on customer response to the fruit or its marketing (Kotler, 2009). A successful brand has extravagantly brand equity and its image (B) tramp be conception of as the combination of three elements a good intersection point (P), a distinctive individualism (D), and added values (AV), i.e. B=P*D*AV. especially the brand preference depends on added values that give customers confidence that this produce has qualities, status or associations not possessed by alternative choices (Doyle, 2008). It helps customers travel the choice process by reducing risks and saving cadence of valuation (Doyle, 2008). Brand concern centres on creating perceived added value for the companys offer among customers, which washbasin be achieved by shaping the brands individualism. Brand Identity is everything the company wants is brand to be perceived by customer (Temporal , 2002). It has six dimensions, which is also called now as brand personal identity prism (Kapferer, 2007), namely, physical, reflection, relationship, personality, culture and relevance (Kapferer, 1997). The identity of strong brands reminds us that identity is not just a enumerate of functional attributes (Kapferer, 2007). With time, brand associations typically move up from tangible to intangible values -No brand should be without a strong intangible dowery became the top priority of 10 key principles of strategic brand management (Kapferer, 2007). Due to the change magnitude fierce competition and rapid imitation, the focus of retention customers in marketing high put downs the building lasting relationships on brand management, namely, classifying the contrastive types of relationships consumers take a shit with brands (Fournier, 1998), or the different types of interactions companies engage in with their clients (Rapp and Collins, 1994 Peppers and Rogers, 1993).Kapferer (2007) claims the establishment and lore of brand identity is one of the key stages in the process of brand globalization. That is, the brand mustiness have an identity that will serve as a specialty for its globalisation, specifically for its brand positioning and brand strategy. Clearly, for quick brands, positioning derives from identity. But it exploits a specific, coherent and salient aspect of identity at a given point in time in a given market and against a precise set of competitors. At the level of global brands, the brand positioning emphasizing a unified identity should occupy a distinct place in the indicate markets mind (Kotler, 2000), ensure the distinctive position of the products of a company from its competitors offerings, go on or increase market share by satisfying menses or potential customers, and finally achieve higher revenue (Hassanien and Baum, 2002). Bingham and Raffield (1995) set six positioning alternatives for firms price, technology, product quality, distribution, image and service. Although repositioning is increasingly needful as the changing marketing environments that influence organisations (Trout and Rivkin, 1995 Kotler, 1997), any decisions companies need to rack up about repositioning will demand careful consideration of all of the brands attributes (Park et al., 2002).When brand managers decide brand strategy, the added-value lever on which a product is based should be taken into consideration as an important line in choosing different brand architectures. A single (corporate) brand comprehensive or master brand strategy is often recommended when the added value in a particular market is linked to reputation and scale (Kapferer, 2007). However, the much segmented the market, with top-quality, personalised products, the more one has to favour either an endorsing brand strategy or a newborn portfolio of product brands.Besides, cost factors have to be considered. Doyle (2008) gave insightful explanation and said that the objective of adopting brand strategies is to increase long-run economic profits, which leads to an orientation to sharing brand names For companies in its initial phase of going global with limited resources, the simplified brand lines can reinforce each brands selling power and reduce marketing cost, provided that the company has complementary products.Another factor that can not be neglected in formulating brand strategy is the country background of a brand. COO (Country of Origin) refers to the impact that generalisations and perceptions about a country have on a persons evaluation of the countrys products and brands (Nebenzahl, Jaffe, and Lampert 1997 Lampert and Jaffe 1998 Dinnie 2004). COO helps or hampers the development of brand equity in the new market. Yet to some extent, acquired brands can produce a short-cut to overcome the negative effect of COO in brand globalization (Ying, 2008) and co-branding provides a buzz around the brand among opinion leaders to reach an image (Kapferer, 2007) facilitating brand into global arena, but it is not a veer or alternative for brand building in the long term. Co-branding can generate greater sales from the existing target market as well as open additional opportunities with new consumers and channels as it can increase cash flow through increased figure of speech of touch points between brands (Srivastava et al., 1998). In addition, co-branding can reduce the cost of product introduction and help stage a brand into a new market by leveraging the existing brand with global awareness. This is reflected in the increasing number of cases of mergers and acquisition of such kind worldwide. Undeniably, it can climb the cable of a company but does not necessarily conceive the success of integrating brands (Swystun, 2001). It is difficult to change an formal brand identity and a good fit between brands is essential to the successful marriage. For a company going global, a distinctive and reproducibl e brand identity should be nurtured and matters most in distinguishing itself from other competitors despite of manufacturing the same high quality products.Clayton M. Christensen (2004) noted that most organizations can acquire resources, but it is the exercise of the process (how to solve problems) and values (past investments) that distinguish a company. And branding strategy is the process of such kind as one of the key factors which will ultimately determine a companys future success.About Lenovo and its internationalization and global brand strategyFounded in Beijing, China, Lenovo is No.1 PC manufacturer in China and the worlds fourth largest PC maker with its revenue in 2007-2008 reaching 16.4 one thousand million US dollars and its market share in China stabilize at 29%-30%. In 2004, its acquisition of IBM PC business (Thinkpad brand) for 1.25 billion US dollars made the company the worlds No. 3 PC company later Dell and HP and signified the beginning of its steps into i nternational market. Since then, Lenovo has established more than 200 branches in 66 countries (Lenovo positive website http//appserver.lenovo.com.cn/About/aboutus_overview.html, accessed Nov 23, 2009). Lenovos sports marketing, the surpassing marketing, and co-brand marketing strategy enhance the brand image and capture the market share. Its global branding strategy incorporates three phases. In the first phase focused on the continuity of the brand in overseas countries to sanction the relationship between the Lenovo and Thinkpad In the second phase to consolidate the high-end business Thinkpad image. And in the third phase to accelerate Lenovo brand building (Gu, 2006). methodology and descriptive analysisWe can compare Lenovos branding strategy with its revenue over the past five years. Investment in the brand must come first to ensure revenue enhancement. (Jeff Swystun, 2001) From the comparison, the dramatic revenue growth in 2004-2006 seems to verify that the branding st rategy of leveraging IBM brand and reinforcing ThinkPad benefit the corporate performance. Meanwhile, however, Lenovos global brand awareness got increased during the process? Since Lenovo had the castigate to use the IBM brand only for five years until 2010, the company intractable to drop it two years ahead of schedule, such was its confidence in its own brand (http//www.economist.com, 2008). Despite of the right move, the result is the decrease in the corporate revenue Lenovos sales volume was down by 5 percent in the third quarter 2008, sales revenue dropped by 20 percent, and market share declined from 7.5 percent to 7.3 percent (Ming, 2009), especially, the sales in America and Europe fell by 17% in the tertiary quarter compared with the same period last year due to the gloomy demand in those markets and notably, its domestic sale grew and accounted for 48% of its total sales(http//www.economist.com, 2009). Actually, the unsatisfactory result can be attributed in a sniff out to the precipitant brand shift from IBM ThinkPad to Lenovo ThinkPad. Whereas, the point is that it is not the inappropriate timing to forgo co-branding with IBM brand, but it is during the initial phase of implementing global branding strategies when Lenovo did not shroud well the relations between leveraging IBM brand and, more importantly, enhancement of Lenovo brands identity and differentiated advantage in its new market extraneous Asia where the brand name was little known, especially in US and Europe, the focus of Lenovo business outside China.To gain an insight on the brands strategy, we can scene at Lenovo brand architecture transition below for the major product lines and brand integration in the early 2008. After the brand integration, under the corporate umbrella brand of Lenovo, the streamlined product brands resulting in global marketing cost-effectiveness can be categorized into ideaPad and ideacentre sub-brands for consumers and ThinkPad sub-brand for consume rs and commercial segment and ThinkCentre sub-brand for companies. Notably, at that place is a change in customer positioning for ThinkPad by dowry companies only switching to companies primarily and consumers secondly served with individual models of ThinkPad products. This is to meet the increasing needs for consumer PC. Besides, ThinkPad is expanding its position from high-end only to both middle and high-end in light of Lenovos determine system. And a question comes to arise Is Lenovo ThinkPad is as good quality as IBM ThinkPad? Lenovos reaction to the sceptical voices is the price cut of ThinkPad is to cater to those customers whole step pinch in the current situation. But the transition risk should be foreseen that the customers who know ThinkPad very well whitethorn not have that sense of advantage that the received brand identity confers, and eventually the transformation may harm the brand equity.Lets look at the brand positioning of Lenovo and its competitors. everyp lace time, PCs has become ubiquitous and play a growing post in more important aspects of daily life. Consumers are therefore looking for more debut (Quelch and Knoop, 2006) with appropriate pricing. Capping the product features of each company in footing of understructure and pricing, we can see that HP, Dell and Acer-the strong competitors of Lenovo in US and European market -are all positioned as economy brand whereas Lenovo as bargain brand positioned as overall high level of innovation and IBM as premium brand. Highly recognized by its customers, ThinkPad brand, with high innovation and high price of a differentiate advantage, best represent the culture of IBM brand. The branding strategy should first take into consideration the environment and customers (Doyle, 2008). Although Thinkpad brand has nothing to do with IBM after the acquisition, the customers perception of high level of innovation and pricing of Thinkpad brand is deep-rooted, thus, it is not necessary and even harmful to its original image in its customers mind for any attempt to swallow its pricing arrange. As for Lenovo brand, on one hand, competitive pricing is the core value that the company embraces to contest its key competitors internationally, and on the other hand, like many other Chinese company going global, it still take time for Lenovo to get away from Made in China image see as manufacturing cheap products. Thus, the implementation of its bargaining pricing system in its another brand line ideapad and ideacentre can embody its differentiating advantages lower price but good quality and higher level of innovation and lower the entry barrier to the consumers in the new market(Doyle, 2008). Of course, this is what Lenovo is doing, promoting its idea brand line in US, Europe and other major overseas market (Lenovo official website http//appserver.lenovo.com.cn/About/aboutus_overview.html, accessed Nov 23, 2009). It can be concluded that there is distinctively different bran d identity between ThinkPad/ ThinkCentre and Lenovo and its sub-brands ideapad/ideacentre.Discussion on improvementIn developing a global brand, Chinese companies could choose between a traditional and modern sexual climax (Ewing, Napoli, and Pitt, 2001). And Lenovo has adopted the modern (although more risky) approach that accelerates internationalization via joint ventures and acquisition of foreign brands, enabling them to leapfrog to the go stage in the process. Product differentiation and brands management separation Lenovo should resume the high-end brand identity of ThinkPad targeting companies and high-end consumers to gain premium price and high margins. And this branding strategy can not waver surrendering to the current economic conditions. And for the medium and lower-end market, idea brand line can play its flexible role catering to different subdivision market. In addition, the ideapad/ideacentre identity should be enriched to increase its value-added specifically i n its relationship and personality prospective to differentiate with other competitors brands. Apart from product promotion, creating customers product experience should be the remedy to have them gain better knowledge of the new entry brands and enhance the recognition of Lenovo.Most important, ThinkPad/ThinkCentre brand should be separated from Lenovo and its sub-brands. The case of the separation of product brand Lexus and company brand Toyota means the success of the both brands even though few know Lexus brand is under Toyota.(Jean-Pierre and David, 2002) .ConclusionThis study emphasizes on the analysis and discussion on the brand integration of Lenovo, idea brand line, and IBMs ThinkPad brand, which features an indispensible process of implementation of global brand strategy by Lenovo. The strategy of co-branding of Lenovo and IBM in ThinkPad products in the initial phase impelled the process of Lenovo brand into international arena. At the same time, however, Lenovo should ha ve engaged in its own brand identity and equity, which will alleviate the loss arising from the disconnection of IBM and Lenovo. An effective positioning/repositioning brand strategy should highlight the consistent process of enhancing brand awareness. At this point, Lenovo took a either slower or inappropriate action which entail improvement and transformation. As for the established ThinkPad brand, the dimensions of its brand identity should be taken into full consideration otherwise any branding initiatives will damage its brand value through confuse or depriving the sense of status and pride from its customers. To avoid the collision of two distinctive brand identities ThinkPad and Lenovo with its sub-brands ideapad/ideacentre, disconnection is the best solution to maximize brand equity.

Different theories of ageing

Different theories of maturementOne of the well-nigh signifi masst achievements of ultra innovational beau monde is the rise in human longevity. Since 1800, read it offliness expectancy at birth has gradu all in ally increased over the ulterior cardinal centuries, from forty years to nearly eighty years (Bongaarts 2006). These rummy changes in human biology have produced challenges for scientists, doctors, sociologists and indemnity-makers. Over the last century, the maturement realization of the changing demography of maturation has provoked sociological and biological investigate to explain the effects of these changes on familiarity. The aim of this essay is to dispute how different theories of boarding have tried to commence senescenter tribe and their circumstances.The study of senescent as societal gerontology took root in the late 1940s, at a time of great accessible and demographic change. After World War 2, orderliness in Europe and the join States o f America (USA) had palpably changed, prompting sociological look into changes in senescence amongst other sociological phenomena (Vincent 1996). The modern policy-making and frugal environment emplacemented develop, for the low gear time, as a problem for hunting lodge (Jones, 1993).This visualise of ageing was at odds with the prevailing functionalist sociological theories of the time. Talcott Parsons was a constitute proponent of commonplace functionalism, and viewed association from the macro perspective of needing functioning parts in redact to maintain its well-being. The analogy was with the form of an organism just as the body has m some(prenominal) specialized organs which atomic number 18 required for the body to function, society is to a fault the sum of its parts y forbiddenh, family, education, labour force, professionals, religion, government etc. gild required these parts to be performanceing together in recite for society to function with equilibri um (Giddens 1993).The biology of ageing had been actively researched since the nonagenarian age of Darwin and Mendel, yet the interaction between ageing and society remained unexplored. Indeed, the Social skill Research Council in the USA concluded in 1948 that the scientific community of interests had paid little attention to the interaction between biology and society (Achenbaum and Bengston). The first psycho companionable theories on ageing and society took shape, and were published a hug drug later.Social scientists Elaine Cummins and William Henry published the first important study of ageing in 1961. They advanced what they called the insularity conjecture of aging. This theory was based on data from the Kansas City story of Adult Life, in which researchers from the University of Chicago followed several(prenominal) hundred adults from middle to darkened age. The authors concluded from this study that growing venerable was a transit of separation, whereby the tende ncy of ageing adults was to withdraw from society and live out their declining years with as little interference with others as was possible. Whilst these findings reflected the hearty practice of the day much(prenominal) as the granny flat or seclusion home environment, the authors also paint a pictured that this theory had advantages for the individual and society.According to Cumming and Henrys model, the major(ip) shift in interaction between the aged and the rest of society occurs when honest-to-god pack begin to realize their declining physical and cognitive functions and their mortality. They propose that this leads to removal, two consciously and subconsciously, from social networks. Simultaneously, society distances itself from the senior, and the roles and responsibilities of these aged members of society argon passed along to the younger ones.From a sociological perspective, it has been suggested that disengagement has theoretical benefits (reference?). For the elderly, disengagement facilitates gradual withdrawal from society, whilst preserving social equilibrium. Ageing removes the capacity for venerableer pot to function as parents, professionals or working members of society, and in that locationfore it promotes self-reflection for the elderly who are freed from roles of responsibility within society (ref?). Ultimately, it prepares the elderly for a refuse in health and death.From the perspective of society, disengagement allows knowledge, responsibility, wealth and power to be transferred from the sometime(a) generation to the young. The roles of the old and the young in society evolve, such that disengagement from roles of responsibility ensures that the younger population have jobs and roles into which to develop. It makes it possible for society to advance functioning after valuable older members die.Clearly, disengagement theory mustiness be viewed in the context of use of the era in which it was developed. Largely, the th eory of e. e. cummings and Henry reflected the practice of the day. Elderly mountain in industrialized nations in the 1960s were encouraged to live out their declining years without interfering with occur and development. In rural settings, elderly people whitethorn still have contributed through the use of learned practical skills, although during a time of speedy expert advancement these skills were less valued than by earlier generations. This is a form of role dispersistence, whereby what is learned at one age whitethorn be useless or conflict with a subsequent check on ones life.This contrasts with contemporary views of ageing, whereby aged populations are more familiar with the technological advances of the second half of the last century. Retirement and disengagement in this context may non be to the benefit of society or the individual. Moreover, until of late fewer positive role models for elderly individuals existed. Those in the commonplace centre and the medi a have tended to be youthful in appearance, hindering the socialization to old age. However, with the demographic growth and visibility of the elderly population has come more role models of active and healthy ageing.In this setting, disengagement of individuals before they reached the coif of imminent mortality, whilst they are still able contribute to roles in society, may cause both social and financial isolation and lack of self-worth. redness of role through loss of first mate, divorce or retirement can lead to an erosion of identity and self-esteem (Rosow 1985). This, coupled with the relentless proceeds in healthcare for the elderly, suggests that disengagement theory may be a product of the post-World War 2 era rather than ecumenically applicable.These problems with the universal validity of disengagement theory were recognised within a few years. Activity theory can be viewed as a counterpoint to disengagement theory. Activity theory views old age as an generation of middle age, rather than a separate psychological and biological exemplify of life as proposed by disengagement theory. Activity theory rattling pre-dates disengagement theory. In the 1950s Havighurst and Albrecht (1953 cited in Katz 1996) insisted ageing can be lively and creative experience. Any loss of roles, activities or relationships within old age, should be replaced by new roles or activities to ensure happiness, value consensus and well-being, and that this approach has benefits for the individual and society. The theory builds on the principle that the biological process of ageing can be modified by modern healthcare, and consequently the only(prenominal) differences between and old age and middle age are these modifiable biological processes, non societal wants and needs (schulz and rockwood).The basis of the theory is that there is a positive relationship between activity and life satisfaction, and the greater the role loss the lower the sense of self-worth or sati sfaction (Lemon 1972). Therefore, a persons sense of self-worth is related to the roles held by that person i.e. retiring may not be so harmful if the person actively maintains other roles, such as familial roles, recreational roles, volunteer and community work. However, early research failed to substantiate a psychological benefit of continued engagement and activity. Lemon, Bengston and Peterson examined key elements of activity theory in a cross-sectional sample of prospective residents of a retirement community. In this study little connection was piece between activity and satisfaction. However, this study suffers from similar criticisms as the Kansas City Study of Adult Life. The study group consisted of Caucasian, middle-class, married individuals interested in engage an active retirement. These issues reflect a common problem with sociological research into the theories of ageing hold diversity of populations and the presence of confounding factors such as attitudes t owards activity and engagement, limit the universal applicability of findings and determination of causality.A shape up problem with both these theories is their macro approach to the sociological phenomenon of ageing. Activity theory neglects the individual issues of inequality and heterogeneity between age groups. It is clear both activity theory and disengagement theory may be suited to certain individuals or groups on society, and may not be universally applicable. Whilst Phillipson (1998) sees these functionalist schools as important in shaping social theory, such functionalist theories may impose a sense of causality on aging by implying that an aged person get out either disengage or will be active. Thus, it can be argued that these arbitrary social theories are a form of academic imperialism, whereby the activities of individual elderly people are located by macro-orientated theories rather than taking floor of individual experiences or employ inductive reasoning.Conti nuity theory incorporates aspects of activity theory and disengagement theory within the functionalist modelling. Continuity theory maintains the social-psychological that were developed from the Kansas City Studies. The basis of continuity theory is that individuals maintain a consistent pattern of behaviour as they age, by replacing lost roles of adulthood with similar ones, and by maintaining a constant attitude of adaptation towards the social environment. Life satisfaction is unconquerable by the dead body between current activities or lifestyles with ones lifetime experiences (Neugarten, Havinghurst, Tobin 1968). This consistency in behaviour implies that central personality characteristics and core values bring to pass more pronounced with age. That is, that people who have always been passive and withdrawn are unlikely to become active upon retirement, and vice versa.Therefore, this theory does not advocate significant psychological change with age, unlike the other two m acro theories. It is a micro-level theory, encompassing individual experiences and adaptations. However, micro theories suffer from the terminus ad quem if not being generalisable, and therefore not being able to be empirically tested on a broader scale. Moreover, by focusing on the individual, micro-theories may overlook the role of social factors in modifying the ageing process (you need references for these points).By contrast, the theory of political delivery of old age is a macro-level theory that emerged as a reaction to functionalism, and focuses on social factors modifying ageing. The theory draws upon Marxist views of the capitalist nature of modern society and how old age was socially constructed to meet the needs of the modern economy (Estes 1979). This grew out of a wider move towards modernization in sociology, attempting to explain the changes in society as consequences of population ageing, industrialization and fertility decline. Therefore, socioeconomic and politi cal factors, not individual factors, are the primary determinants of the experience of ageing. These include age and class, as well as gender, sexual orientation and race.As Phillipson (1998) points out, in the UK Brobdingnagian forms of social expenditure were allocated to older people. Consequently, not only were older people viewed in medical wrong but in resource terms by governments. This built upon the topic of ageing as a core to modern society, as Phillipson (1998 17) statesOlder people came to be viewed as a burden on western economies, with demographic change seen as creating unendurable pressures on public expenditure.The major focus of the political economy of ageing was an interpretation of the relationship between aging and the economic structure. In the USA, political economy theory was brought to prominence by the work of Estes (1979), and Estes, Swan and Gerard (1982). Similarly, in the UK, the work of Walker (1981), Townsend (1981) and Phillipson (1982) contrib uted to understanding age and ageing in modern British society. In the USA, Estes, Swan and Gerard (1982) state that the class structure is the major determinant of the socio-economic position of older people in society. Estes justifies this position by using a Marxist view of society to explain how a individuals social worth is dependent on their productivity. All subsequent policy towards age and ageing can be explained from this premise. Negative attitudes towards older people, and their wiped out(p) position, can be explained by their loss of social worth brought around by their loss of a productive role in modern society. Estes (1979) also claims that political economy theory highlights the role of the state in contemporary society. Since the state dictates the allocation of resources, this determines the allocation of retirement and pension schemes, and is therefore a kick upstairs key determinant of social worth of elderly people.Phillipson (1982) builds on this point of view, ad goes on to state that retirement is linked to the timing of economic reduction of wages and enforced withdrawal from work, and then many older people in the UK in a financially insecure position. Therefore, the state can determine the social position and coming(prenominal) of its elderly citizens, and indirectly shape prevailing social and cultural attitudes to the elderly. Indeed, any discussion about change in the welfare state leads to further legitimisation of the burden stereotype of the elderly in society.Echoing this point of view, Townsend (1981) states that society creates the social problems of old age through structured dependance implant in institutional ageism, through lack of material resources due to poverty, retirement policy, the negative consequences of residential care, and poor structure of community care. Townsend puts forward the idea that there is a structural perspective of rules and resources governing older people in modern society. Townsend cla ims that the approach is one whereby society is held to create the material of institutions and rules within which the general problem of the elderly emerge or, indeed, manufactured. In the day-by-day management of the economy and the administration and development of social institutions the position of the elderly subtly changed and shaped. (Townsend 1981 9)Similarly, Walker (1981) argues for a theory of political economy of old age in order to understand the position of older people. In particular, Walker (1981 77) builds on the idea that the structure of modern society propagates dependency among groups such as the elderly a social creation of dependency. Phillipson (1982, 1986) writes in a similar vein, and considers how capitalism helps socially construct the social marginality of older people in key areas such as welfare. The key list of these writers within the Marxist school of thought is inequalities in the distribution of resources should be understood in terms of the distribution of power within society, rather than in terms of variation between individuals.In addition to the purpose that social and governmental policy contributes to the socializing and marginalizing of old age, political economy theory criticizes the emphasis on community engagement and the consequent social devaluing of elderly people who cannot or choose not to engage in these activities. Activities such as participation in volunteer programmes and social work may be viewed as a way to meet public service gaps created by reduced public funding. Although the benefits of volunteering have been proposed by activity theory, from the point of view of political economy it is social and structural factors that baffle the individuals decision to volunteer or participate. For example, elderly individuals who are also carers for their spouse or their grandchildren may not be able to take on additional social roles, and may leave the individual vulnerable to social criticism. Indeed, it has been noted that a paradigm of ageing that only values productivity and civic-engagement can stigmatise and disempower elders who cannot contribute to society because of illness, disability or limited time and resources (reference?).The life-course perspective is not necessarily a theory, but a framework of ageing as a lifelong process. It attempts to explain how ageing is shaped by earlier events, including social structure and history along with interactions with family and culture. Individual development of personality and cognition interact with these other factors touch on life-course. Time is the key variable, since it make up ones minds relationships in three ways life experiences influence relationships, family events and family transitions influence individuals and interactions, and events in a broader social historical context also influence social role and values. Social context interacts with individuals and influences them and their relationships.This framework takes account of the diversity of roles and role changes across lifespan, since it views development as occurring at all stages and not just any one stage of life. It takes into account the gains and losings that occur through life-course, rather than viewing development as a linear process. Therefore, development is considered multidirectional, with stability or development in areas, and decline in others. For example, ageing may lead to impairment in short memory but not in creativity or social function. Therefore, this approach takes account of micro and macro levels of development and provides a framework to shape further sociological research into ageing.In conclusion, sociological theories of ageing have evolved alongside changes in demography and economics since the early twentieth century. The functionalist theories of activity and disengagement approached ageing in the context of the prevailing view of the time. Although based on empirical evidence the observational studi es from Kansas city these studies were limited to middle-class Caucasion populations and yet were extrapolated to macro-level theories. As such, both these theories suffered criticisms for their lack of generalisability, and newer theories were developed as an immediate reaction.In the context of economic troubles during the 1970s, the sociology of ageing began to be viewed in an economic perspective. The view of structural aspects of society interacting with healthy or pro-inflammatory ageing has advanced sociological thought in this area, and laid the mental hospital for contemporary views of ageing. Current demographic issues such as the prevailing economic climate, declining fertility and improvements in healthcare have changed the sociological view of ageing. As such, these issues must be addressed as further research attempts to view life-course influences on ageing at both a macro- and micro-theoretical level.

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection

revolutionary High Temperature Ceramics for caloric vindicationRecent Developments in Oxidation Resistance and Fracture Toughness of Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection SystemsKatrin Abrahams(Dated February 3, 2015)For safer and luxurianter space vehicles a reduction of the terminus radius of the leading edges is inevitable. This leads to temperatures prodigious 2200 C which the employd natural has to withstand. ZrB2/ define and HfB2/ dress live capable properties, but the oxidisation granting immunity and rupture pique at towering temperatures have to be improved. This check describes the recent approaches to mittle these capers that base chiefly on the appendage of a third material (La2O3, Gd2O3 or black lead). The admission of either La2O3 or Gd2O3 led to ontogenyd oxidization shelter, but the touch on, the gist of additive and the testing manners have to be improved. Due to the appendage of plumbago akes the fracture hardness of Z rB2/SiC (20 vol%) ontogenyd from1. INTRODUCTIONThe Thermal Protection System (TPS) of space vehicles is cardinal of the most substantial parts of the building block vehicle 13. This protects it from the heating during re- entry. During this process the temperatures argon genuinely high, especially at the nose cone and leading edges as shown in Fig. 1. run into 1 Temperature prole of a space vehicle during reentry prepared by the NASA. The dark red colour represents the highest temperatures and the light regretful regions are coolest parts (copied from 4).The tip of the leading edge has a radius of 10 cm, but a radius in the prescribe of millimetres is wished so that sharp leading edges instead of blunt leading edges provoke be used 5. This would have the advantage to help reduce the vehicles drag, enhance maneuverability and performance, and overly improve safety over out-of-pocket to an increased cross-range-capability 5. The problem of a smaller tip radius is that this leads to high step forward temperatures, which screw beat out 2000 C 6, 7. Jin et al. 8 investigated the maximum get hold temperature depending on the radius of the tip utilize an oxyacetylene torch. Fig. 2 shows that the temperature increases from 1930 C with a radius of 1.5 mm to 2100 C with the radius of 0.15 mm.Due to the high requirements for these materials only a few send away be considered. Very good potential for the usage show Ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTC). These are ceramic materials with high mergeing points ( 3000 C), good thermal shock protection and chemical and robotlike stability e.g. ZrB2, ZrC, HfB2 or HfC 6, 9, 10. Although the carbides have a high melting point than the diborides, their thermal conductivity is menialer, which is very grievous because the heat on the surface has to be transported as fast as possible away 5. Therefore the main focus of research is on ZrB2 and HfB2. The problem with these diborides is their brittleness and t heir oxidisation at temperatures exceeding 1200 C 11. To fabricate a more than ductile material SiC was added to ZrB2 or HfB2 12. Although ZrB2/SiC and HfB2/SiC are promising materials for the usage in TPS, there are pacify two main problems which have to be solved. On the one hand side there is still the problem with the oxidation justification at high(prenominal)(prenominal) temperatures 11, 13. On the other(a) hand the fracture toughness decreases with the temperature to rather low values which also leads to mechanical problems 14. This review gives an overview over solution attempts that have been befuddle in the defy years, with the main focus on ZrB2/SiC.2. OXIDATION RESISTANCEThe oxidation protection of MeB2/SiC (Me = Zr, Hf) depends on the ratio of MeB2/SiC 10, 15, the pressure 10, 16, 17, the temperature 18, the exposure prison term 19, on the treat 20, 21 and in case of the run wad of additives also on their chemical structure and the amount of additive 22, 23. Considering just ZrB2, the following happens during oxidation 24The liquid B2O3 forms a protection forge for the holey ZrO2 mold, where oxygen green goddess diuse very fast and easily through. But at 1100 C this protective stratum evaporates and butt endnot prevent the oxidation of the bulk material anymore. The plus of SiC leads to the following additional reactions 10, 25, 26During oxidation four dierent spirit levels empennage form (Fig. 3). Above the bulk material the SiC depleted zone forms, where SiC oxidizes to SiO2 which forms a borosilicate (BS) water ice on the surface. This layer is porous repayable to the formation and evaporation of CO (Eq. (2)). Above this layer there is the oxidate layer, which incorporates of porous ZrO2 and the upper layer is the silicon dioxide rich layer which consist of the BS glass over, that also lls partly the pores of the ZrO2 layer. Due to the evaporation of B2O3, the protection layer is shrinking over time and shows an oxi dation resistance up to 1600 C 24, 26.In general the oxidation resistance is measured by the onerousness of the reception zone under the stipulation parameters of the experiment. But also the diusion coecient of O2 is important but rarely measured.2.1. Ratio ZrB2/SiCThe dependency of the oxidation resistance on the ratio of ZrB2/SiC was investigated by many researchers 10, 12, 15, 2729. The addition of SiC led in all cases to a reduction in texture coat of it, a identical dissemination of SiC, high(prenominal) viscosity and high parsimony. Karlsdottir et al. 29 investigated not only the response skeletal system 3 Schematic evidence of the dierent layers that form during oxidation of ZrB2/SiC and their arrangement.zone thickness but also the viscosity depending on the volume instalment of SiC. The results are shown in duck I and an increase in viscosity with the amount of SiC can be seen. This reduces the diusion coecient of O2 in the layer.Seong et al. 10 compared ZrB 2, ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%), ZrB2/SiC (30 vol%) and ZrB2/SiC (40 vol%) and measured the resulting thickness of the reaction zone. All samples were densied by acerbic pressing and exhibit a homogeneous distribution of SiC. The grain sizes were between 1.0 m and 3.0 m. They investigated the oxidation under low and high pressure and the results are shown in Figure 4. The SiC depletion layer did not form and therefore the reaction zone consisted only of the Silica rich layer and the oxidized zone. In air (2104 Pa) the thickness of the reaction zone was in ZrB2 the thickest callable to the missing protecting silica layer and with increasing amount of SiC the thickness decreases. The problem with high amounts of SiC (30 vol%) is, that it does not form single grains anymore, but instead a network, which leads to higher porosity. Under low pressure the behaviour is vice versa. Because the space shuttle has to deal with low and normal pressure ZrB2/SiC with 20 vol% or 30 vol% SiC is the best cho ice. Apart from the improvements of oxidation resistance out-of-pocket to optimization of the ZrB2/SiC ratio, at temperatures above 1800 C active oxidation (Eq. (4)) of SiC takes place and this hinders the formation of the BS layer. 2.2. AdditivesTo increase the oxidation resistance at higher temperatures passageway metals were added to the ZrB2/SiC matrix 21, 3032. They are suitable due to their high melting points and low reactivity with the environment 30. The transition metal cations can be enclosed in the BS layer to form a higher viscous layer that decreases O2 diusion 11. furthermore this may lead to a higher evaporation point of the protective layer so that the materials are stable at T 2000 C. This is found on an assumption, the apparatus how the transition cations interact with ZrB2 and SiC is not understood yet but in general a positive trend to higher oxidation resistance can be seen 11. Several attempts were made with many dierent transition metal oxides 9, 30, bo rides 11, 33, carbides 21, 31 and silicates 32. This review focuses on La2O3 and Gd2O3 because they are the most promising additives and introduce two dierent processing methods that effect the properties 30.2.2.1. Addition of La2O3The addition of La2O3 to ZrB2/SiC was investigated by several researchers and led to dierent results, especially diverse new phases were set in motion 6, 9, 22, 23. Table II gives an overview over the composition, the processing highways to densify the material and the new phases that were discovered.Although Table II shows many dierent results, general trends due to the addition of La2O3 despite the usage of dierent processing routes (hot pressing, spark plasma sintering (SPS)) were observe 6, 22, 23 Higher densityHigher Vickers HardnessReduction of grain sizesBesides the use of La2O3 leads to a more homogenized distribution of SiC, because it is always close to it and therefore prevents agglomeration 9. In the case of fracture toughness there are c ontradictory statements Li et al. 22 measured an increased fracture toughness compared to the material without additive and Guo et al. 23 bring on a lower fracture toughness due to the addition of La2O3. after hot pressing at 1900 C for 60 min Li et al. 22 discovered the formation of new phases La2Zr2O7 (melting point 2295 10 C 9) and La2Si2O7 due to the following reactions2ZrO2(s)+ La2O3(s) La2Zr2O7(s) (5)2SiO2(s)+ La2O3(s) La2Si2O7(s) (6)La2Zr2O7 was also observed by Zapata et al. 6 and Jayaseelan et al. 9 but no other working group detected the formation of La2Si2O7. The addition of 10 wt% La2O3, densied by SPS and oxidized for 1 h in air at 1600 C led to the formation of two dierent oxidized layers 9. On the surface a LaBS-glass formed (Eq. (7)), below it two oxidized layers, one consisting of La2Zr2O7 (Eq. (5)) and the other one of ZrO2.SiO2 + La2O3 La BS glass (7)The large expanding upon coecient of La2O3 causes lling of the pores that appear after the evaporation of B2O3 and therefore still protects the bulk material. The alike(p) composition and the equal processing was used by Guo et al. 23 but they could not detect the new phases. Instead they found out that La2O3 reactsTable II Overview over the composition (always ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) + the given amount La2O3), the processing route and the new phases that formed.amount La2O3 processing new phase5 vol% hot pressing La2Zr2O7 (1900 C, 60 min) La2Si2O73 vol% hot pressing La2O3-SiO2 (1900 C, 60 min)10 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1600 C, 1 h, air) La-BS-glass2 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1400 C, 16 h, air) La-BS-glass with SiO2 to form La2O3-SiO2 as a protective layer.Further studies were made by Zapata et al. 6 who used little La2O3 (2 wt%). Due to the proximity of the La2O3 particles to the SiC particles they are also included in the BS melt whereby this results in a higher viscosity, a higher thermal stability and in general a better protection against O2 diusion. The oxidation tests show that at 1400 C the sample with La2O3 has a better oxidation resistance but at 1500 C and 1600 C it is worse. The reason is that because of the addition of La2O3 the BS layer has a higher viscosity and therefore the ZrO2 particles cannot precipitate instantaneously to the top of the surface layer. This leads to a more homogeneous mixing with the BS melt. The oxygen diusion through ZrO2 is much easier than through B2O3 and therefore a homogeneous distribution of ZrO2 makes it easier for O2 to diuse through this layer, although the La-BS-glass has a higher viscosity due to the addition of La2O3. Moreover at 1600 C ZrOxCy and SiOxCy form with different O/C ratios which were found in the BS melt and in the oxide layer 6. This can be seen as another protection layer because when O2 diuses into the oxidation layer it will react with ZrOxCy or SiOxCy, so it can be seen as a puer zone and it takes longer until the oxygen reaches the bulk material. HfB2 diers from ZrB2 because the formation of H fO2 is more dicult 6. Therefore a smaller amount is formed which leads to a lower amount of B2O3 and therefore a thinner protection layer compared to ZrB2. But it has the advantage that the diusion coecient for O2 through HfO2 is smaller. other problem in the case of HfB2 is that SiC is not as homogeneously distributed as in ZrB2 and it forms large agglomerates. When these agglomerates become oxidized they leave fag a highly porous material where O2 can easily diuse through. This shows that further improvements are inevitable in a more homogeneous distribution, further analysis of the new formed phases must be made and the C/O ratio canFigure 5 Topview (a) and sideview (b) of the surface with the dimensions of the cavities for Gd2O3.oxidation layer was 15 3 m and formed in accordance with the following reaction equation 92Gd2O3(s)+2ZrO2(s) Gd2Zr2O7(s) (8)Gd2O3(s)+ SiO2(s)+ B2O3(l) Gd BS glass (9)The thickness of the layer below it was 160 m and consisted mainly of porous ZrO2 due to the oxidation and evaporation of the glassy phase. The advantage of Gd-BS-glass compared to BS glass is the higher viscosity and therefore the reduced diusion of O2 through this coating. At higher Gd2O3 fractions Gd stops ZrO2 particles at the glassy phase and they cannot diuse further. This leads to O2 vacancies which is the campaign force for inward O2 diusion. Using a distance of 20 m between the cavities, the Gd2O3 fraction is high enough to get a higher viscosity in the BS melt but ZrO2 can still precipitate so that no O2 inward diusion occurs.3. FRACTURE TOUGHNESSIn 2009 the rst tests were made to include plumbago in the ZrB2/SiC matrix 34, 35. Hu et al. 34 investigated the fraction of additive graphite to ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%). They found out that the addition of graphite led to a1high dense material with an increasing fracture toughness be optimized. But the addition of La2O3 is already a from 4.5 MPam(ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%)) to 6.1 MPam122very promising approach for a better oxidation resistancealthough further research is necessary.2.2.2. Addition of Gd2O3For an improved surface and at the same time unchanged bulk material a new processing method was invented 11 At rst the sample was prepared and densied using the bulk material ZrB2/SiC. Afterwards they used a laser to make equal sized cavities on the surface that were lled with Gd2O3 nanopowder. The dimensions of the best sample can be seen in Fig. 5.Due to this new processing it was possible to create only a thin protection layer that consisted of BS blend with Gd2O3 ( Eq. (9)). After 1 h in air under 1600 C the thickness of the outer (ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol% + graphite)). The dierences between 10 vol% and 15 vol% graphite were negligible small. Moreover there were investigations about the inuence of the diameter size of the graphite akes 36. They found out that in the range of micrometres the diameter size does not change the fracture toughness. Asl et al. 14 used soft graphite nano-akes. They found out that ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) + graphite (10 vol%) showed a higher density than the samples without graphite. furthermore the addition of graphite led to a decrease in grain size from 6.9 m to 3.2 m. The reason is the homogeneous distribution of graphite which halt grain growth. Because of the reactions of graphite with the surface impurities the addition of graphite results in higher dense samplesZrO2(s)+ B2O3(l)+5C(s) ZrB2(s)+5CO(g) (10)The particles that form due to this reactions can ll the pores in the ZrB2/SiC matrix and therefore lead to a higher density. The resulting fracture toughness can be seen in Fig. 6. An increase in fracture toughness due to the addition of graphite is obvious. The following mechanisms led in this case to a higher fracture toughness nano-akes pull-out, crack bridging, branching and deection.1Figure 6 Fracture toughness depending on the composition of the sample at RT 14.Wang et al. 37 investigated the dependency of the fracture toughness of ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) +1graphite (15 vol%) on the temperature in vacuum and in air (Fig. 7). Over the whole temperature range the fracture toughness in air was higher than that in vacuum. In vacuum the fracture toughness decreases fromThis oxidation layer densies with higher temperature and yields in higher fracture toughnesses than without this layer. That is the reason why there is nearly no decrease in fracture toughness between 1200 C and 1300 C. Moreover crack deection which absorbs the energy leads to higher fracture toughnesses at higher temperature. These mechanisms all result in a poky decrease in fracture toughness in air than in vacuum.Figure 7 Fracture toughness depending on the environment and on the temperature 37.4. destructionThe recent developments to improve the oxidation resistance and the fracture toughness based mainly on the addition of a third component (La2O3, Gd2O3 or graphite). Concerning the oxidation resistance, the best matrix composition is ZrB2/SiC (2 0 vol%) because it shows the best oxidation protection over the whole range of O2 partial pressure. Above 1800 C active oxidation of SiC begins and oxidation resistance is not given anymore.at 1300 C because The approaches for a better oxidation resistance at higher ual thermal stresses between the ZrB2/SiC matrix and temperatures due to the addition of La2O3 or Gd2O3 arethe graphite inclusions are released. The residual stresses very promising, but more research to understand the hearty acted at low temperature as toughening mechanism and function of the additives and the interaction with the mawith the release of these stresses the fracture toughness trix is necessary. Furthermore there are many parameecreases.At 1300 C the group observed a brittle to ductile transformation which leads to a slight increase of fracture toughness. But afterwards the fracture toughness decreases further due to the distorted graphite and the larger ZrB2 grain sizes. In air at higher temperature the m aterial starts to oxidize and a oxidation layer forms on the surface due to ters that have to be optimized, e.g the amount of additive, the processing route and especially the analytic approaches. Due to the varying experimental parameters and insucient analytical tests it is dicult to compare results. To solve this problems standard tests have to be introduced and a wider temperature range for oxidation has to be investigated.The fracture toughness increased due to the addition ofEq. (1), (2) and the following reactiongraphite from 4.5 MPamto 7.1 MPam creases, but also this is slowed down due to the graphite tives, because extensive testing of the dierent samples akes. is missing. Especially tests under real atmospheric and Taken into account the oxidation resistance and the frac-re-entry conditions are important but not done yet. ture toughness it is dicult to announce the best addi

Soda bottle rocket :: essays research papers

soda ash bottle arisePurposeThe students will investigate the effect of the come up length upon the outdo of flight. The students will overly investigate the gage upon the distance flight.BackgroundThe students will proof Newtons third law of nature of motion states that for any action there is an catch and diametrical reaction. Newtons third law also applies to roquettes. A rocket gets its lift from the gases pushing out of its tail. The force of the rocket pushing on these gases is the action force. The gases exert an equal but opposite force on the rocket, which forces the rocket up, this is called the reaction force. According to the original conduct sheet, the two items NASA will be evaluating the rocket on will be distance flown and time aloft. A two liter bottle with a cone and fins. The time is measured by seconds that the bottle flays, starting when it lives from the raise pad until it rites the ground. The distance is how far it flew. The motion will be project ile. The bonny velocity will be the total distance of rocket gyp measured. The average fastness will be the total distance of rocket flight measured in meters and total amount of time aloft measured in seconds. The altitude will be measured by an altimeter. The acceleration will speed up and change direction. The force tin be the gravity. The ki exonerateic energy will be the mass and velocity. The electromotive force energy on the launch pad. Newtons first law is about the state of motion of an end does not charge as long as the net force acting on the object is zero. His second law is about the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by the objects mass. Newtons third law is whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. The momentum is mass velocity. The energising energy is the mass velocity. Momentum is a property of any base object. For a slow moving obj ect it is given by the mass times the velocity of the object. For an object moving at close to the speed of light this definition gets modified. The total momentum is a conserved total in any process. Weight is the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity.

Thomas Paines Common Sense Essay -- Thomas Paine Common Sense Essays

doubting Thomas Paines Common good senseThomas Paine is responsible for some of the most influential pamphlets about the colonial federal agency in the 1700s. He found himself in the right position and time to make his opinions known through his writing. He was a journalist in Philadelphia when the American relationship with England was thinning and change was on the horizon. Paine became famous at this time for writing Common Sense, as well as his xvi Crisis papers. Through his particular sort of reasoning and vehemence, Paines Common Sense became crucial in turning American opinion once against Britain and was instrumental in the colonies decision to engage in a battle for complete independence. commence of the effectiveness of Paines Common Sense was his plainness. He wanted everyone, laymen and lawmakers alike, to be able to picture and comprehend what he was saying. He did not happen he needed overly flowery speech, in fact, that would not divine service his purpose. Hi s desire to stir up the people would not be met if he wrote in a style that took too much in-depth analysis for the jet person to understand. Paine said he wanted to write so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the even out in question and nothing else.At the start, Paine explains that in the essay to baffle he is offering the reader nothing but simple facts, plain arguments, and of course, common sense. He says he asks the reader for nothing more than to read on without prejudice and let their feelings decide for themselves. However calmly Paine approaches the line of his work, though, later he will certainly show himself to be kinda passionate. He begins his argument with more general, theoretical reflections about government and religion, and and then ... ...e of husband, father, friend, lover, and whatever may be your rank or title in life, you have the heart of a coward, and the spirit of a sycophantPaine holds that what he is saying is neither inflaming ma tters or exaggerating them. He continues to use hearty words to maintain his point, declaring a government of their own is their natural right, and lumbering those that would disagree with him saying they are opening a door to never-failing tyranny by keeping vacant the seat of government. Once again revisiting his points he says that the last cord is now broken, between England and the colonies. With his particular style of plain fact coupled with expressive, passionate language, Paine wrote one of the most of the essence(predicate) documents to the American Revolution. His final call to action begs all lovers of mankind and those that presume to oppose tyranny to stand forth.

John Websters Play The Duchess of Malfi Essay -- Webster Duchess Malf

John Websters defend The Duchess of MalfiIn the opening of The Duchess of Malfi takes place between Delio andAntonio, a steward of the Duchess and his friend. Webster makes hisinter realize aware that Antonio has journeyed appearside Malfi, to France.The words France, cutman, French all appear in spite of appearance the first fourlines of the text, a blunt indicator to ensure that the audience, so far inattentive, grasps the point that Antonio has been absentfrom Malfi. He supports this point by referring to the timespan sinceAntonio last precept Delio, You have been wide in France. The wordlong suggests that a grand time has passed since he was lastresident in Malfi. Equally, Delios description of Antonio, as a veryformal frenchman in habit infers that Antonio had been in France forlong enough to adopt French fashions, rather than his native Italiandress.Altogether, Webster, in the opening burst sets up Antonio as astranger to Malfi, notwithstanding an adopted resident of th e French court. Thus,when Delio asks the open ended-question the audience appreciateAntonio speaks from arrest built from a lengthy duration inFranceHow do you wish the French court?Websters question does not ask a particular question, rather it demandsa lengthy reply. Antonios response is not the view of an outsiderwhose short stay failed to unearth negative aspects of the foreignreign. Instead he speaks from f morsel due to the time he spent in France.The reply is informative, as expected from a character who is cast asa formal frenchman with a straightforward answer then an extendedexplanation. Antonio admires the French system, which he sets up asthe benchmark from which the audience must view the court of Mal... ...tonios admiration of the uncorrupt French court.Equally, where Antonio favours the French court, he in any case favours theDuchess, then gives a list of the reasons for doing so. It istherefore assumed that they are the silver drops in the corruptstate, set t o contrast against the corruption of the brothers.The final two characters of the act I feel are dramatic constructs.Delio is used by the source in this scene so that Antonio can speakcandidly close to France. By speaking to a friend, the audience value hiscomment more than were it to be made in public to a group of people.Delio is also used later in the act to hold the plot together, whenAntonio points out the duke and describes him as a scoundrel. This isthe Duke of Calabria. The devils speak (in him). Bosola is craftedin a similar way. The authorial mouthpiece of Antonio cannot intensely

Personal Counseling: Theory of Change Essay -- Psychology

everywhere the last 100 years, the underpinning concepts in the fields of psychology and counseling were wrought. deep down this period, these concepts have transformed and evolved from somewhat crude conceptions of the psyche toward more holistic interventions and approaches. As the profession continues to move forward, adaptations of the original theorists regarding the nature of homophile and the festering of personality continue to emerge. These adaptations, along with the integration of new concepts and ideas, continue to append to the field. The author describes his view of man and human nature, personality development, and explores potential implications for counseling.character of musical compositionThe work of Sigmund Freud continues to influence contemporary practice, as many of his grassroots concepts remain the foundation from which other theorists develop. Freud described life instincts, a telephone exchange tenant of the Freudian approach, as instincts that serv e the purpose of survival for man as well as the human race. Glassers selection surmise maintains that human behavior is intern tout ensembley motivated by five transmissible impulses. The first noted among these impulses is survival (Skeen, 2002 Wubbolding, 2005). Man is a carnal being, manduction the same defensive and predatory instincts found throughout the animal kingdom. Man has basic needs and is driven towards satisfying them.When examining the development of the human brain, it is cognise the first portion to develop is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the seat of human life documentation systems and our natural instincts. Sharing the fight or flight responses, the experience of suspicion towards looming animals or objects, and a need to live and reproduce are innate. These all may be experienced to differen... ... Journal of Individual Psychology, 38(1), 1-6.Adler, K. A. (1994). Socialist influences on Adlerian psychology. Individual Psychology, 50(2), 131-141.Day, S. X. (2008). Theory and design in counseling and psychology. Boston Lahaska.Manaster, G. J. (1987). Adlerian conjecture and movement. Individual Psychology, 43(3), 280-287.Minor, J. (2007). Some reasons why I use REBT in my one-on-one practice and personal life. ETC A Review of General Semantics, 320-323.Shaughnessy, M. F., & Mahan, V. (2002). An interview with Albert Ellis closely rational emotive behavior therapy. North American Journal of Psychiatry, 4(3), 355-366.Skeen, J. W. (2002). Choice theory, virtue ethics, and the sixth need. worldwide Journal of Reality Therapy, 21(1), 14-19.Wubbolding, R. E. (2005). The power of belonging. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 24(2), 43-44.

Goal Statement - Education :: essays research papers

My Goal Statement Life after Coppin State CollegeTeachers pick up a very important responsibility of shaping the lives of young, impressionable children. With this responsibility comes large pride and joy. Therefore, as a mellow school instructor I want to strive to be what sack be considered as, a effectual teacher. A good teacher can be defined as someone who always pushes scholarly persons to want to do their best while at the same time trying to make learning interesting as well as creative. A positive or negative fix from a teacher early on in life can have a great effect on the life of a child. As part of my goal statement I plan to carry all of these qualities to become the teacher that I expect and want to be.Its the year 2010, and it is my 2nd year as the Business Management teacher at Owings mill High School. After working with the Baltimore City state-supported school system it became hard to deal with the hardship of providing so ofttimes without help from the school system. While in that location I worked on my master in education at UMBS. I decided to stay in Baltimore and work in Baltimore County Public School System even though there are some situations that need to be resolved it is oft more manageable than with Baltimore City School System. Here at Owings Mills High School I somely interact with dull student as well as staff. The job is very much high in demand having evaluations and as wells as ready lesson plans to be viewed by the department chair. I teach twain 9th and 10th set business management classes, when there are divergent attitudes that are shown in the classroom. With the 9th grade they are very talkative and wanting to find there place in high school, so of course they are the loudest and most annoying. While the 10th graders are still talkative but have learned there lesson from last year and are have a little more work on their mind than they had last year. At Owing Mill High School I teach both 9th and 10th grade classes of business management course, where there are different attitudes that are shown from the different grade levels. The culture of the class is mostly black with few while students. There are more females in the classroom than males the class size is from 25 to 30 students each class.