Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens EssayDickens starts his story with a funeral to present a dark and gloomy prow to this Victorian society. The main portion is man named Ebenezer Scrooge. Stave 1 starts off with Scrooges partner, Jacob Marley. Marley has recently passed away and Scrooge is the person who signed for his funeral. From this retardation he presents Scrooges character with puns such as sole executor or sole administrator. It continues on about Scrooge and his soul and of how External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge. No warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill him. Scrooge is described as a cold and frosty man, whose heart was so inkiness and filled with covetousness. The language used in Stave 1 for Scrooges character and attitude to Christmas and other passel portrays him as a cold-hearted man, chilled to the very core of his heart. No room for emotion and just greed and gold instead. Dickens shows Scrooge art the start of stave two, three, four as a gradual met amorphose of heart.In the second stave Dickens introduces the reader to Scrooges sadder part of life, the part of Scrooges life which he regrets. The third stave shows Scrooge to the present and current people he is affiliated with and about ignorance and greed, shown as two pitiful children the Ghost of Christmas Present leaves Ebenezer Scrooge and the third Ghost comes The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. The fourth stave shows Scrooges end in life. How he fatefully dies and nobody cares for him or his grave.He learns that he can change the future and swears to do so, thus changing his greed and ignorance forever. Scrooge becomes so happy on Christmas morning of Stave 5 because he is glad he is given the lay on the line to change. A second chance at life where he can repent from his sins of greed. He feels a sudden change of heart from his dark demise and sees the light. Dickens shows the reader the contrasting ways that Scrooge has changed by the acts he commits in Stave 5 compa red to Stave 1.He buys the biggest turkey for the Cratchit Family for their supper on Christmas, compared to Stave 1 where he didnt however bother with Tiny Tim who was waiting for his father Bob Cratchit outside Scrooges work. I think Dickens wrote this story about a man as sizeable and greedy as Scrooge because of the social injustice and poverty of the society Dickens had lived in, the Victorian era. He wrote this because of the causes and effects of between the two and how they correlate in the Victorian society.I think Dickens wanted to teach the Victorian people the actual meaning of Christmas and the spirit of good will that goes along with it. I also think he wanted to show the poverty and injustice in the society during that time. I think the reasons why is because Dickens felt he needed to share his shame and sorrow for the people in poverty, and their side of things and how the greedy and rich ignore the poor people without a sign of pity to them.

Learning Team IRAC Brief Essay Example for Free

Learning Team IRAC Brief EssayLearning Team B was tasked to pack the IRAC method of shield study analysis, and select one legal case from a current event that has taken place within the past ii years relevant to this weeks objectives. After selecting a current case, Learning Team B prepared a case brief apply the IRAC method. Learning Team B selected the United States v. Jones case, which was decided January 23, 2012. Learning Team B was besides tasked to provide an explanation of how the legal concepts in the United States v. Jones case could be applied within a business managerial setting. The giving medication issued a warrant to place a Global Positioning System on the personal vehicle of Jones to track any unlawful behavior. For 28 days, the government monitored the vehicle and it subsequently secured an indictment of Jones and others on drug trafficking conspiracy charges (United states v., 2012). The issue is that a violation of the twenty-five percent Amendment m ay be in question. The question in this case is whether or not the vehicle that was fitted with the GPS is considered real or personal piazza. as well how is the vehicle subject to government surveillance only on public property? Could the vehicle be subject to the real or personal property laws protected under the stern Amendment? The question remains if the vehicle bottom of the inning be searched using the GPS only part of the time. The courts ruling distillery does not clearly define what the fourth amendment covers as real or personal property. The definition of the quarter Amendment is not completely clear on exactly what the real or personal property is defined as or if it is level-headed chance of concealing as defined by society or a court of law. The law protects level-headed first moments of privacy, however the Supreme Court has ref intentiond to provide a consistent explanation for what makes an expectation of privacy reasonable (Kerr, 2007, p. 503).The Four th Amendment can be applied to a business managerial setting by protecting doers rights to privacy somewhat. Any use of work property, including e-mail and lucre is subject to inspection by the company. There is a reasonable expectation of privacy in the workplace if an employee has an office. If the employee is in thefront of the work environment conversations or anything in plain view can be subject to police search. According to Surveillance Self-Defense (2013), A big question in find out whether your expectation of privacy is reasonable and protected by the Fourth Amendment arises when you have knowingly exposed something to another person or to the public at bounteous (Reasonable Expectation of Privacy). If a person is exposes intended personal information or property to a third party that reasonable expectation of privacy is no longer valid.The Fourth Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights, and the Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments of the United States Constitutio n. The Fourth Amendment protects the rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures (Gatewood, 2013, p. 1). The government can use GPS to track an individual movement if they believe a crime have been committed. If law enforcement wants to obtain a warrant for a GPS artifice to be installed on an individual car, he or she must(prenominal) be able to convince a judge that a crime has been committed. They must also provide the judge with information about the place that will be searched, and the individual or thing to be seized (Hughes Burton, 2013, p. 1).In this court case, the agents obtained a warrant, but they did not comply with two of the warrants restrictions. First, they did not install the GPS device within the 10-day period that was required by the provision of the warrant. Second, the GPS device supposed to be installed in the vehicle in the District of Columbia, as required by the condition of the warrant. The government installs the GPS device on the vehicle in a public park space in Maryland (McKenzie, 2002, p. 1). According to McKenzie (2002), the vehicle is an effect as the term is used in the Amendment, and this is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. An organization that use any form of GPS device on an individual vehicle would be violating the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment was implemented to safeguard the rights of citizens, and to make sure that his or her privacy is not ball upd in any way (McKenzie, 2002, p. 1).A public management can conduct a mixed-motive search of an employers workplace, seeking to nail evidence of worker misconduct, as well as evidence the worker has committed a crime. For example, a search of a computer of a worker who has been downloading child pornography implicates both personnel misconduct and criminal concern. Courts assessing whether to apply the OConnor reasonableness standard or the more traditional Fourth Amendment seem ing cause and warrant requirements of these mix-motive searches have applied OConnor, reasonableness standard. Certainly, as explained by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, OConnors objective of ensuring that an competent workplace should not be frustrated simply because the similar misconduct that violates a government managements rule, and it is also illegal (Koster, 2007, p. 1).A lodge employer can conduct searches related to the workplace such as to find a missing file or to investigate workplace misconduct, in respectfulness with the Fourth Amendment without probable cause or a warrant. A job-related search is constitutionally allowable as long as they are reasonable expectation of privacy. Furthermore, even if the search does infringe on a workers reasonable expectation of privacy, the search will deemed reasonable in accordance with the Fourth Amendment it is justified as its inception and permissible in scope (Koster, 2007, p. 1).In George Orwells 1 984, the citizens of the dystopian, totalitarian country of Oceania are subjected to a grim reality of unceasing government surveillance. In difference, engineering is necessary to fulfill Orwells nightmare is far closer to fact than fiction. For example, the smart phone while using its GPS intent is an indispensable component for numerous road self-gratifications this global device has many of the same capabilities as 1984 feared telescreen.In the United States v. Jones, the Supreme Court of the United States cogitate that police violated the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution when they attached the GPS-enabled tracking device to the defendants vehicle and used it to monitor the cars movements for 28 days (Maryland justness Review, pg. 998). Jones highlights two uniquely prescientconcerns The impact of modern information-sharing technology on individual privacy, and what limits ought to be placed on Law enforcement from using such technology unrestricted by phy sical boundaries (Maryland Law Review, pg. 999).The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the lower court and held that without a warrant, the evocation of the GPS tracking device constituted an unlawful search under the Fourth Amendment (United states v., 2012). The government had argued a person did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy on public streets but the U.S. Supreme court rejected this argument. The U.S. Supreme court command a person does have a reasonable expectation of privacy on public streets regardless of how the GPS tracking device is placed on the persons vehicle. The U.S. Supreme Court also ruled that todays surveillance technology is very advanced but still creates a physical intrusion into a persons reasonable expectation of privacy protected under the Fourth Amendment (United states v., 2012).This ruling is very important in todays business world as technology rapidly advances. The current generation of workers is very comfortable with advanced technology but still have the basic expectations of privacy that workers had 20 years ago. Companies can track email conversations, locate company smart phones using GPS technology, locate, and monitor routes of company vehicles, and even video tape activity at their locations. It is important that an organization brief and ensure each employee acknowledges the reasonable expectation of privacy policies. If a company issues a smart phone to an employee and employ GPS tracking on the phone, the employee must be informed his or her smart phone will be monitored. If a company installs GPS tracking devices on their vehicles the driver of that vehicle must be informed his or her route and movement is subject to company monitoring at all times. If a company video monitors its employees, employees must sign an reference work understanding their movement with the organization is monitored and recorded during the business day. Advanced technology is a tool to reduce fraud in the workplace b ut cannot violate an employees right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment.ReferencesGatewood, J. (2013). Its raining Katz and Jones The implications of United States v. Jones- A case of sound and fury. Pace Law Review, 33(2), 683-715. Retrieved from http//Web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1988, The Evolving Fourth Amendment United States vs. Jones, The information cloud, and the right to exclude, Ber An Pan, 1993 Hughes, T. Burton, C. (2013). Police GPS surveillance on vehicles and the warrant Requirement For a while Ive been watching you steady. American journal Of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 535-550.doi10.1007/s12103-012-9185-z. Retrieved from http//web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com Kerr, O.S. (2007, November). Four Models of Fourth Amendment Protection. Stanford Law Review, 60(2), 503-551. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/224069628?accountid=35812 McKenzie, D. (2002). What were they smoking? The Supreme Courts latest step in a long Strange trip through the Fourth Amendment. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 93(1), 153. Retrieved from http//web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com Koster, P. R. (2007). Workplace searches by public employers and the Fourth Amendment. Urban Lawyer, 39(1). 75-84. Retrieved from http//web.ebscohost.comezproxy. Apollolibrary.com Surveillance Self-Defense. (2013). Retrieved from https//ssd.eff.org/your-computer/govt/privacy U.S. Supreme Court, (2012). United states v. jones (No. 101259). Retrieved from website http//www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1259.pdf

The History Of Reflection Theory

The History Of Reflection TheoryIn scientific terms reflection is seen as light, heat or sound striking a surface to give off a reflection. Reflection is in like manner seen as philosophical ca wasting disease of how one rat gain knowledge through possess and use different approaches to the same scenario (Johns and Freshwater 2009 and Chambers et al 2012).The novel idea of reflection rose from a theorist John Dewey (1859-1952) his proposed view on reflection is described as persistent, active thought and taking into consideration the supporting evidence that forms knowledge to the given situation. This theorist suggests that the person uses their mind and emotions to ease reflection (Bulman and Schutz 2008). This suggests that Dewey describes reflective individuals has being open-minded, responsible and wholehearted (Vachon and Leblanc 2011).Deweys perception of reflection was a platform for many pens to elaborate on in terms of understanding reflective practice. Johns and Fr eshwater (2005) propose that health professionals should find the meaning of reflection through description rather than definition because to define reflection is to suggest the author has authority all over its meaning. This in turn allows reflections sit downs and mannequins to be used intuitively giving a more holistic approach, it can be subjective and mark driven (Johns and Freshwater 2005).Mann et al (2007) describes Schons (1983) view that reflection can happen in two ways reflecting upon activities whilst they are happening called reflection in march (present reflection) and reflecting upon activities once they have happened (reflecting on the past). Rolfe et al assert that reflection is the engine that facilitates superficial eruditeness into finding a deeper understanding that en adequate to(p)s the practician to transform what is cognize to knowledge in go through.Reflection Model and frame turnsThe reflection framework developed by Schon and Argyris (1992) invo lves three elements (1) knowing-in- go through (2) reflection-in-action and (3) reflection-on-practice (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010). Ghaye and Lillyman (2010) have extrapolated Schons work to include knowing-in-action they propose that practicians customise and write out their own knowledge or theories to the situation presented. Knowing in action is described further by Carper (1978) who identifies five approaches to knowing in action empirical, personal, ethical and aesthetic knowing ( Newton and McKenna 2009).Reflection-in-action by Schon and Argyris (1992) has been adapted from Schon (1983) it is to do with reflecting in the moment without disturbing care. It involves thinking on your feet Ghaye and Lillyman (2010) propose that whilst this may be a complex exhibit it is by far the most effective when clarifying that needs of uncomplainings are being met. It is the way in which practicians compose themselves to look at and resolve tall(prenominal) situations when being faced with them (Schon 1992). This could entail thinking of what needs to be said to patient roles whilst talking to them already. Gustafsson and Fagerberg (2004) state that Schon (1983) believes reflection-in-action allows nurses to display a combined clasp of skills abstract knowledge and clinical go out. This type of reflection is difficult to master as is challenge our knowing-in-action and is used by professional practitioners that have acquired technical skills over a number of years Rolfe et al (2011) and Ghaye and Lillyman (2010). Mann et al (2007) state that professional practitioners are commensurate to reflect-in-action because they have the knowledge to do interpretive orientation monitoring, assessing and changing patient care on a continual basis. Mann et al (2007) also state that student nurses are limited to reflection in action because their experiences are non authentic and the role is supervised throughout thus students actions are questioned and changed if nece ssary to suit patient care. This is why circumstantial reflection is important information tool for students and can be facilitated by mentors, clinical supervisors.Schon (1992) reflection-on-action is reflecting back on way outs taken place. The reflector can examine and analyse the compositors cases tint by step either at bottom self, discussion with another practitioner or within groups (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010). Greenwood (1998) take on reflection on action as cognitive post-mortem this is where the practitioner goes back to review actions that were made during the events. Greenwood (1998) argues that reflection before action is not deemed important for this type of reflection and to be unable to reflect before action is considered erroneous as patient care and outcomes become influenced by these factors.It is already known that Dewey was the first advocate of learning by reflection, Rolfe et al (2011) summarise Deweys (1938) homunculus of reflective learning as experienc ing through observing and reflecting on authorized or past events which leads to gaining new or enhancing knowledge. In modern healthcare merely Gibbs (1988) model of reflection see appendix 1 is widely used which is an adjustment of Deweys (1938) original model. Gibbs (1988) model asks the practitioner to paint a visualize of the event describe what happened and attach emotions and thoughts to the event. Gibbs then prompts the practitioner to weight what was good or bad about the experience. The third aspect of the model is technical this part asks the practitioner to analyse the situation in the hope to uncover either new findings or confirm the current situation. The fourth aspect is about understanding and finding out what else could the practitioner have done to change the previous outcome of the situation being started and lastly the practitioner is prompted to write an action plan in case the same or similar scenario can take it our (McKinnon 2004). Although Gibbs model appears circular it is not clear as to how the action plan which concludes the reflection member is linked back to description (Rolfe et al 2011). Gibbs model of reflection give the practitioner simple and general cue questions which allows the practitioner room to expand their thoughts on also it the most widely used reflection model for student nurses (Bulman and Schutz 2009) in contrast Rolfe et al 2011 state that Gibbs model has a generic and large-minded feel therefore some reflective practitioners find Gibbs model to vague.Holms and Stephenson (1994 see also Rolfe et al 2011) see appendix 2 shared similar assertions to Gibbs model and therefore they proposed another reflection framework consisting of better designed cue questions. Stephenson framework is aimed towards more on action rather than theorising outcomes. Rolfe et al (2011) suggest that Stephenson and Holms framework mirrors Deweys initial interpretation of learning by thinking. even so neither Gibbs model or Ste phenson framework encompass a clear guideline to how knowledge can be linked to practice apart from asking the practitioners to think about what they would if they encountered a similar situation again.The framework set out by Johns (2004) is an adaptation of many frameworks and models by many authors (Johns and Freshwater 2005). John and Freshwater (2005) encompassed not and the different aspects of reflection such(prenominal) in-action and on-action but also mindful practice. Benner et al (1996) explains that mindful practice is seen as clinical judgement which is practitioners possessing the ability to see what is happening as it happening in a clinical environment that allows the practitioner to engage ethically with the situation. Johns (1995) framework also included reflexivity which asks the practitioner to revisit the situation and asks interpersonal questions that allow the practitioner to link previous experiences to the current situation. Johns and Freshwater (2005) see appendix 3 have managed to articulate a model of reflection which is structured and concise this model also impacts clinical superintendence and can be used for mentoring purposes.Taylor (2006) see appendix 4 illustrates its model of reflection by using the words REFLECT as mnemonic whatsis where each letter is represents a process of how reflection can take place. Tacit knowledge is displayed in this type of reflection, it is knowledge that practitioners are unaware of possessing and only comes to light when reflecting about the decisions they have made either during or after the event Schon (1987). at that place is a sense of liberation attached to Taylors reflection as it also caused the practitioner to be accepting of news ideas and not to be confined to constraints Taylor (2006) uses a critical friend to encourage reflection. Taylor (2006) understands that changes in awareness is a sure possibility because new insights can arise through reflection this occurs by linking emot ions and feelings furthermore it requests the practitioner to ask themselves what have they learnt from their experience. Taylor model of reflection is set(p) out in manner that demands structured critical reflection and requires a facilitator or critical friend to see the process through this could be a disadvantage because it can be a demanding procedure, not very empowering to challenge top ranking staff and a facilitator may not be for sale (Rolfe et al 2011).Kolb (1984) see appendix 5 see also Rolfe et al (2011) model of reflection is directed towards experimental learning, Kolb model is set out such that it asks the practitioner to look beyond describing and observing past events but also to theorise on the reflective events to determine if new approaches can be address or implemented. Kolbs classic model of experimental learning consists of four components experience, observation/reflection, generalization and conceptualisation and active experimentation (Stonehouse 2011). W hen compared to Gibbs model this model is truly cyclical and reflexive because Kolb sets out to generate a hypothesis to test the clinical setting hence the practitioner is allowed to renew reflecting on the newly modified experience (Rolfe et al 2011).Reflective PracticeReflective practice is seen has using reflective techniques to improve, maintain changes in clinical procedures and influence guidelines to encourage greater safety of patients in all areas of health organisations (Bulman and Schutz 2008). Duffy (2007) states reflective practice must clearly be demonstrated by the practitioner for personal and professional development in breast feeding and other allied health professions.Price (2004) states that nursing practices can be transformed by facilitating insight and reason by practitioners, Price (2004) also understands that workforces may also be doubtful of the wisdom behind changes to particular strategies for example changes to multidisciplinary team meetings held usua lly midweek could be changed to a day closer to the weekend and therefore the workforce may be doubtful of referrals being received on time to their relevant partners. Burns and Bulman (2000) and Johns (2000) assert that reflective practice whilst it is patient centred all addresses the untidiness and confusion of the clinical environment.Benner et al (1996) adds functioning of the practice environment is not as clear cut as a cognizance textbook. Johns (2005) states that learning though reflection leads to enlightenment finding out who we are, empowerment having courage to redefine who we are and emancipation given freedom to make changes to hand desirable effects. It is the role of clinical supervisors, preceptors and mentors to encourage and implement reflection and critical thinking within their practice environment (Price 2004). Reed (2008) state that mentors are able to support less experienced or new employees by sharing their experience with them and providing a gameye r level of knowledge and understanding of different work practices. Duffy (2007) uses Williams (2001) to suggest problem based learning provides stimulus for student nurses to develop their critical reflection skills.Continuing Professional DevelopmentHealth care organisations in the United Kingdom have undergone and still continue to undergo changes to how it is regulated (Rolfe et al 2011). The emphasis is largely associated with increasing patient safety and risk lessening (Rolfe et al 2011, Mantzoukas 2008). Evidence-based studies have taught the NHS and regulatory bodies how to change practices and procedures to create better outcomes for patients, they have also encompassed further development for staff to promote a better use of resources through clinical professional development (CPD) (Bulman and Schutz 2009).The Healthcare Professionals Council (2012) and The Nursing Midwifery Council (2006) state that nurses and midwives must provide evidence and maintain competency level s to remain in employment as nurses and midwives every three years after registering. The NMC does not determine the nature or types of continuing professional development programs to undertake, it is the responsibility of the practitioner and organisation to do this (Gould et al 2006, Munro 2008). Munro (2008) claims self regulation is vital to professional development and is achieved by maintaining a portfolio constructed of professional and personal achievements and certificates of attendance to mandatory competency fosterings. Leblanc and Vachon (2011) agree that continuing didactics programmes such as diabetic training, pressure sore management training and infection control training as well as MSc postgraduate courses such as tissue viability or nursing prescribing courses add to a professional competency portfolio. little Incident AnalysisReflective practice is deployed when undertaking critical incident analysis (CIA). Critical incidents can be either a surprise event (re f) or series of events that could trigger reflection (Hanning 2001). The analysis process enables the practitioner to pause and contemplate on the situation and to establish meaning to the situation. Critical thinking can be viewed as either negative or positive experiences (Price 2004) and therefore some practitioners have exhibited discomfort associated with critical incident analysis because the process can challenge what they thought they knew as best practice can have undesirable effects and evoke anger, grief, frustration and sadness (Rich and Parker 1995 see also Vachon and LeBlanc 2011). Critical incident events could be viewed as drug errors, nosocomial cross-infection or helping a patient achieve a comfortable, dignified death, closing of wards. However not all incidents have to be as grave as these. CIA can also be viewed as a significant incident where it does not pose immediate threat, however it causes the practitioner to reflect upon the situation in systematic manner (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010).Communication skillsNon-verbal and verbal skills are used to demonstrate intercourse which is the sending and received of communicates (McCabe 2004). In nursing communication is not only about transmitting information, nurse-patient relationship involves in the transmitting feelings and nurses need to be able to display the appropriate behaviour or manner to demonstrate that their feelings have been recognised (Sheppard 1993 cited in McCabe 2004). Attending behaviour is described by Stein-Parbury (2009) as being ready to listen, maintain good positioning, open body language, eye contact and facial expression these are all are signs of an outward physical contemplation which when a nurse displays is demonstrative of their genuine interest to know and understand their patient. Department of Health (2000) states that good communication between health providers and patients is essential for establishing high quality care. The most important attribute deemed by patients practitioner should have is the willingness to listen to and explain patients concerns (Moore 2009).According to the NMC (2010) the role of nurses is to use their clinical judgment in the provision of care which would enable patients to improve, maintain or recover their health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. This is where reflection and critical incident plays a role in good communication and evolving our interpersonal skills.Discussing a patients condition and advising them on the therapy uncommitted ot giving medicine are example of reflection-in-action. Reflection in action causes the practitioner to slow down and think of how to approach the patient, they may assess the situation and decided to retire from out medical jargon, and use simplified speech, (Kraszewski and McEwen 2010). There are no specific models to use for these examples it is more about how the pra ctitioner relates to the patient to convey their message is important.An example of reflection-on-action that enables practitioners to reflect on their communication skills is breaking-bad news. Bad-news has a variety of meanings attached to it ultimately it may leave the patient with fewer life choices (DHSSPS 2003). Guidelines are available to facilitate breaking of bad news. Guidelines are set out to help the practitioner conduct themselves in an empathetic manner it enables them to ensure the privacy and self-regard of the patient have been maintained (DoH 2003). Unable to convey the message appropriately to patients and their families it leaves an indelible mark on the nurse-patient relationship (DHSSPS 2003). Breaking bad news is exhausting, emotionally draining and difficult task for practitioners (OLeary 2010). Because of this it is best for staff to able to reflect upon the situation soon after the event with clinical supervisors, mentor or education facilitators (DHSSPS 20 03).ConclusionFrom this study it can be confirmed that reflection has been widely sourced since John Deweys initial introduction. The models and frameworks of reflection all ask the practitioner to paint the picture of what happened in the clinical setting and asks the practitioner cue questions to make them relate their feeling and emotions experienced during, or after reflecting. Reflective models that end with action plans do not appear truly cyclical and models that form new hypothesis and allow experimentation to test the hypotheses are reflexive and cyclical. Some of the frameworks ask the practitioner to challenge social conflict within their organisations.Becoming proficient in reflection helps practitioners nurse gain a greater edge for understanding patient care they can use this asset to becoming mentors and clinical supervisors. Reflective practice can be challenging and some may find it difficult if all we do is analyse what went wrong this is why it is also important t o reflect on what was good in practice. Nurses need to provide evidence of continuing professional development they need to be able to withstand rigours checks to make sure the sustain their registration by the NMC using reflective practice within their clinical environment sets them up for achieving this. Reflective practice using either critical incident analysis or emancipatory reflection aids in learning about communication.Reflective practice can open doors to gaining new knowledge and does not only identify problems encountered but helps nurses to share good experiences. It can positively affect job satisfaction and achievement. Reflection does not have to be a distancey or exhaustive process allowing room for student nurses or allied health to attempt reflection whilst studying as it this reflective experience that would enrich their knowledge of personal knowing and helps them to link this with patient care.There are different strategies students and practitioner can use to facilitate reflective practice these include keeping journal log, seeking feedback from mentors and clinical supervisors, having a critical friend, making anecdotal notes having group discussion. Attending MDT meetings and going on ward rounds may also facilitate reflection as the patients are discussed at length from when they first came to the health setting and to what has happened to them since.

The theories of leadership and motivation

The theories of continue and motivationLeadership is the char lay outer which every geological assortmentation wants to see in their staff and the person who is self motivated and who stack motivate the team members become a good whileager. Leadership is nonhing still inspiring the team attraction is the one who does it, inspiration is nothing but motivation. So leadership and motivation is a chemistry which can take all difficult tax to success. The leadership and motivation chemistry is mostly steadying in anxiety sector whether it is in business or in the team every individual posses leadership but the one who practices on the go become a perfect leader.The main aspect a leader consists is a vision for the certain purpose. When a task or project is taken over by a federation the company searches for a leader who posses experience on the project and vision how to develop the project, make use of colleagues and submit the organisation a profit on it. A leader tends to influence the task to be continued and change to be taken place to make the organisation profitable.There are several theories on leadership by great(p) leaders both(prenominal) of them say that leadership is an action not position or person. These theories help to prepare a perfect leader, all these theories are proposed and undecomposed by great leaders and managers but latest management considers a leader who follows his role.Leadership theoriesConsidering leadership reveals school of thought giving different leadership theories such as Great Man surmise, trait theory, behaviourist theory, situational leadership theory, possibility theory, transactional theory and transformational theory.Great man theory is the one proposed before ordinal century where it says that leaders are born with the talent and leader should be a man this lead to the next theory trait theory.Trait theoryThe trait theory rose from the concepts of the Great Man show up. This theory leads to identi fy the important characteristics of a successful leader. The concourse who got the characters as defined by the traits approach are isolated or shortlisted and those are recruited as leaders. This type of approach was mostly implemented in military and still used in some of the area.According to the trait theory the person who got the following skills is said to be a trait.Ambitious and success orientedAdaptable to all kinds of situationsCo sherlock to all the members in the organizationHighly active or energeticDominativeGood decision making ability ego-confidentAdaptable to stress conditions andDependable.These are the characters which make a person trait and they should posses some skills which areSkillsIntelligentSkilled conceptuallyCreativeFluent in speakingTactfulSelf motivated and self beliefSkilled sociallyWhen these kinds of skills and characters are identified in the person, the person is recruited in the team.Behavioural theoryThe trait study doesnt give any conclusive results and it was hard to measure some more critical issues such as honesty, integrity and loyalty. This leaded the attention to be diverted on to the behaviour theories. The behaviour theory focuses on human blood and success performance as tumesce.According to behavioural theory the manager believes that the contributeing surroundings should be exchangeable an entertainment place where the expenditure of mental and physical efforts is treated to be play and rest. The idea of manager is an average person not only learns to accept but also seek responsibility. The people will automatically learn to exercise self-control and self direction to achieve the endeavor or target. The organizational problems can become imaginative and creative.Contingency theory modelThis theory illustrates that there are many ways for the manager to lead the team to get best outcome. According to the situation the manager can find a best way to get the best outcome.Fiedler worked on contingency theo ry according to that he looked for three situations which define the condition of a managerial task.Leader and team member relationshipWork structure or project structurePosition and postThe manager should maintain relation with their team members to get along and create confidence and make them feel excess to think about the task and give their ideas to help the task to be checked. Project structure is the job highly structured or unstructured or in between. The source shows how much authority a manager does posses.This theory rates the manager whether the manger is relationship oriented or task oriented. The task oriented managers gets success in such situations where there is good leader and team member relationship and structured projects or tasks doesnt matter whether the position power is weak or strong. And get success when the project is unstructured and does have any sort of good vision by having a strong power and position. The variables which affect the task such as e nvironmental variables are combined in a heavy some and differentiated as favourable and admonitory situations. The task oriented management style depends on the favourable and unfavourable environment variables but the relationship management style stays in the spunk by managing or changing the variables to accumulate with their style.Both styles of managements got their sides to be good when all the performance and team work well in the tasks. There is no good or bad management in these two managements. Task motivated management style leaders do best when the team performs well and they are good in achieving good sales record and performance better than their competitor where as the relationship oriented leaders are helpful to gain positive customer service and build a positive image to the organisation.Transactional and transformational leadershipTransformational leadership is a relationship of mutual simulation and bill that converts the followers in to leaders and may conver t leaders into moral agentsTransformational leadership is communicating with the leaders and the team members to take them to higher direct something like a leader can become a moral agent and the follower can become a leader.Transactional leadership technique builds the person to finish the certain task such as job done for the time be.Some of the differences between transactional and transformational leadership areTransactional style of leadership builds a man to complete a certain task where as transformational styles builds a member to become a leader.This focuses on task completion and tactical style of management where as transformational leadership focus on strategies and missions.These are some theories of the leadership which shows how a leader act on different situations and how different leaders exercise to get success in the organization.Motivation in ManagementTheories of motivationThe theories of motivation can be divided into 3 broad categories.Reinforcement theori es try the means through which the process of controlling an individuals behavior by manipulating its consequences takes place.Content theories focus primarily on individual needs the physiological or psychological deficiencies that we feel a compulsion to reduce or eliminate.Process theories focus on the thought or cognitive processes that take place within the minds of people and that control their behavior.Early Theories of MotivationHierarchy of Needs surmisalTheory X and Theory YMotivation-Hygiene TheoryContemporary Theories of MotivationERG TheoryMcClellands Theory of NeedsCognitive Evaluation TheoryTask Characteristics TheoriesGoal-Setting TheoryEquity TheoryHierarchy of Needs TheoryAbraham Maslow hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs1. Physiological.2. Safety.3. Social.4. Esteem.5. Self-actualization.Maslow then categorized these 5 needs into lower-order needs and higher-order needs.Lower-order needs are needs that are commo dious externally physiological and safety needs.Higher-order needs are needs that are satisfied internally (within the person) social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGrogorMcGregor concluded that a managers vision of the nature of human beings is based on a certain blend of assumptions and that he or she tends to mold his or her actions toward subordinates according to these assumptionsEmployees naturally disfavor work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid itSince employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to achieve goalsEmployees will avoid responsibilities and seek globe direction whenever possibleMotivation-hygiene TheoryAccording to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are dividing and distinct from those that leads to job dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors include factors such as company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relations, working conditions, and salary. Motivator factors include factors such as attainment, recognition, the work itself, responsibility and growth.Hygiene FactorsCompany rule and managementSupervision intimacy with supervisorWork circumstancesSalaryRelationship with peersPersonal lifeassociation with subordinatesStatusSafetyMotivator FactorsattainmentcreditWork itself obligationprogressionGrowthContemporary Theories of MotivationERG TheoryERG Theory proposed by Clayton Alderfer of Yale University Alderfer fights that there are three groups of core needs1) existence2) Relatedness3) GrowthExistence group is worried with providing our basic material existence requirements. Relatedness group is the desire we have for maintaining important interpersonal relationshipsMcClellands Theory of NeedsMcClellands theory of needs focuses on three needs1) Achievement2) Power3) AffiliationCognitive Evaluation TheoryAllocating extrinsic rewards for behaviour that had been previously intrinsically rewarded tends to decrease the overall level of motivation. (This concept was proposed in the late 1960s.)The interdependence of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards is a real phenomenonTask Characteristics TheoriesThese theories seek to identify task characteristics of jobs, how these characteristics are combined to form different jobs, and their relationship to employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance.Goal-setting theorySpecific and difficult goals lead to higher performance. Feedback leads to higher performance than non-feedback. In addition to feedback, 2 other factors have been represent to influence the goals-performance relationship. These are1. Goal commitment.2. Sufficient self-efficacy.Equity TheoryIndividuals make comparisons of their job inputs and outcomes relatives to those of others and then act in response so as to exterminate any inequities. Stacy Adams proposed that this negative tension state provides the motivation to do something to correct it.There are 4 referent comparisons that employee can use1. Self-inside.2. Self-outside.3. early(a) inside.4. Other outside.ConclusionThe change in the leadership theories time by time says that the leader should posses certain characters which lead the organisational success whether to believe in maintaining a relationship or to go on tactically the manager or the leader should act to the situation and get success at the end. Depending on the companies motive the leader should react or behave with the team members to achieve the target. Usually maintaining a good relation helps to make the team members life easy and manage the work happily. The team members become more innovative and achieve targets easily where as with tactical style leadership may create some sort of twinge on the team members, there is no guarantee that in every situation relational ship management is successful. the leader should adapt himself for the situation and act according to a particular situation. We have discussed above only a collection of the motivation theories and thoughts of the various proponents of management .In some of the theories and opinion presented, however, one can observe some glimpses of the person and how, perhaps, he or she could be motivated. This is satisfying in itself. But, as noted earlier, practice has been in advance of theory in this field, so let us now move to the realistic side of management of human behaviour and motivation in the workplace.REFERNCESAstraZeneca (1999) Leadership in AstaZeneca. AstraZeneca HR, fall 1999Bass, B. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York Free Press.Blackler, F. and Kennedy, A. (2003) The Design of a Development Programme for Experienced TopBergmann, H., Hurson, K. and Russ-Eft, D. (1999) Everyone a Leader A basic model for thenew workplace. New York John Wiley and SonsGosling, J. and Mintzberg, H. (2003) Mindsets for Managers. Working paper, Centre for LeadershipStudiesHersey, P. and K.H. Blanchard (1977) Management of Organization al Behaviour. Englewood Cliffs NJPrentice hal1Rodgers, H., Frearson, M., Holden, R. and Gold, J. (2003) The Rush to Leadership. Presented atManagement Theory at Work conference, Lancaster University, April 2003Tannenbaum, R. and Schmidt, W. (1958) How to choose a leadership pattern. Harvard BusinesReview 36(2), 95-101

The future of laundry technology

The future of air pelt technologyLaun change is a depute that in all ho consumptionholds must complete. airstream is a very broad task that encapsulates the entire do by of cleansing textile items so that they suffer find fresh to be worn or used a imbibe. It is a tedious surgical process, and unitary which has potential for simplification.The aim of this research report is to identify The emerging of laundryablesWhat be the main problems of the domestic airstream process?What future technologies could benefit the stifle and drying of fabrics?Are there methods that can help the laundry process become more environmentally fri eradicately?These argon the main report objectives that will be researched and analysed, to then obtain conclusions which will help form the basis of a design brief and specification for a new-made product. thither is a circumstance focus on the Domestic Market in More Economically Developed Countries (MEDC).A Conceptual Framework ( mannikin 1) has been produced to summarise the research methods that will be taken to obtain information for each of the Objectives.By the end of the report the aim is to relieve oneself evident information, provided by a variety of fountains and methods that should indicate the hereafter of wash.Task AnalysisBefore further research began it proved vital to perform a first hand laundry experience for myself. It enabled me to be to the full immersed into the whole laundry process. Each stage of the task was broken down into its core processes. Figure x is a Task Analysis diagram that outlines the close common laundry procedures followed by consumers in UK households.A range of early conclusions and opportunities were identified from the first hand experience and Task Analysis diagram.The number of processes in the diagram highlights the lengthiness of the procedure.Procedure taken by most plenty is common, but there is variation in the drying process, which is dependent on climate and resources acquirable.There is opportunity for simplificationImprovements contended towards the eco-efficiency of the procedure.Its a procedure that very few hoi polloi enjoy and take pride in. It could be more interactive and turn task.The process has bargonly changed since the early 20th CenturyFind out the main problems of laundryThis section of the report aims to identify current weaknesses in the laundry process. The Task Analysis already performed will form the basis for User Observations. An probe will be performed into the resource problems that may be creating a obstruction in the laundry procedure for m each consumers.Finally, a look into the Psychology of Laundry provides an insight into the consumer attitudes towards the task.User Observations / ExperiencesTask 1 User ObservationsThe aim is to gain a better insight into the consumer habits and the difficulties faced with the laundry procedure.A range of participants clear been observed buzz off Lives with husband and two childrenElderly Person Retired maam living with husbandStudent Lives in a house with collar other studentsYoung Professional Lives alone in a small flat tireThe Task Analysis Diagram (Fig x) was used to record the observations. (see Appendix x)A table has been produced to give a brief comparison on which basic tasks be performed by each participantThe Mother and Elderly Person maintain a routine prison term between washes. The Elderly Person washes every three days and the Mother every other day, as the damny clothes pile up quickly. By comparison the student washes only if when most of the available clean clothes have run out. The Young Professional likewise did non have a routine, but washed once the hoop fills up. Although he did state that if a few individual items were necessary, then he would do a wash.It was surprising that only half of the people turn their clothes inside out during washes, which can prevent the dulling of fabrics (Housekeeping 2008). Alt hough all participants washed colours and whites separately, possibly repayable to the known effects. The Student did state that she often gets confused with white habiliments that has coloured detailing.None of the four people ever separated clothing according to fabric types or even delicates. When questioned, they all said that it adds complexity and is exceptional hassle. Only the Mother regularly pre-soaks clothing, which is because she has young children. She suggested that adding baking soda helps to lift dirt. The Elderly Person believed that new clothing should be pre-soaked on its first wash to prevent colour run. On extremely stubborn stains, the Young Professional recommended Varnish stain retirer.All participants except the Student use branded detersive, as they believe it guarantees clean results. The student uses supermarket brand detergent as she believes the results be satisfactory. The Young Professional liked to use Liqui-tabs whenever doing a full wash so h e is sure the correct sum up of detergent is added. All participants agreed that fabric softener helps make the clothing feel softer.Most surprisingly, no-one washed delicates by hand. The Mother and Student believed that it adds extra time and wasnt necessary. None of the participants washed clothes with cold wet. The Young Professional didnt think it would wash the clothing particularly well. During all of the observations, the twisting speed was never adjusted or considered. The Mother and Elderly Person did not know what the benefits of the feature were. Although, the Mother very often performs an extra plait to try and extract a little more body of water.The drying process was an area where there was much variation. The Mother and Elderly Person both prefer to dry clothes outdoors, as it dries with a fresher smell. They both shared the comparable frustration though, of the unpredictable British weather. The Mother also has access to a decompose dryer, but it is in the ga rage. She finds it an inconvenience and is also aware of the costs related to reading a tumble dryer. During the winter months, the mother makes use of the spreading cupboard, and each other items are placed on the radiators. She says the clothes dry very quickly. The Young Professional makes use of the airing cupboard on odd do when there are a few items to dry, otherwise he makes use of the drying facililty on his washer/dryer combi. The Student tries to squeeze the majority of clothes into the airing cupboard, and the remainder onto a indoor clothes airer. As there are three other students in the same house, space is a difficulty. She said a tumble dryer in the house would be ideal.Only the mother and elderly person iron most of their clothes. The Mother said her husband unremarkably deals with this task, so it takes the sting out of it. The Young Professional and Student try to avoid ironing, but any smart items are ironed.Task 2 coordinate InterviewsDry Cleaning is a p rocess that all participants are trying to avoid. It adds extra expenditure to the laundry process and is an inconvenience. All participants used machine process as their core method of cleaning clothes. All the other processes were not performed as they were deemed as extra hassle and unnecessary. Its very surprising that none of the people felt the read to hand-wash delicates.The main areas in which people wish to see improvements in the laundry procedure areSimplify the process remove some stepsUse slight waterLower costsBe able to wash a littler load of clothes without it be the same as doing a full load.Not everyone requires a large machineThe time it takesMake it more enjoyableNone of the participants were aware of any environmental impacts related to the use of detergents. On hearing this, the Elderly Person suggested that measures should be taken to improve on this. She also stated that her husband suffered from pelt allergies. Changing the detergent solved the issue. No body was happy with the costs. The Elderly Person used less than the recommended dosage to make it last longer, whilst the Young Professional only bought it when there was an offer at the supermarket. The number of varieties available was also a point of confusion.New developments gained positive reactions by all participants, although on-one was aware of new technologies. They all motivationed to see improvements in the laundry process. An example of a future development is Nano-coating, and this was given to gauge a reaction. People were most upkeeped near how the results would compare to a normal wash using detergents, and how the textures of fabrics will be runed. The Elder Person thought the fabrics would become hard and shiny. Surprisingly, only the student mentioned concern of having to buy all new clothes. The Young Professional wanted any new developments to speed up the process and cost less.ResourcesTimeAt present, the laundry process takes far too long. This is due t o the many different stages involved, as identified in the Task Analysis (sectionPgx). There is opportunity to simplify the process by removing stages.Water ProblemsSeveral laundry problems are directly related to minerals, organic matter, and other impurities in the water run (AG Facts 1999). Water problems can affect the colouring and quality of the fabrics whilst also causing build up of soils.The most common water problem in the UK is Hard Water. It is caused by calcium and magnesium in the water. Fabrics become stiff and hard over time, and soil continues to build up because hard water does not clean as well as soft water. Much of the detergent added to the wash goes to softening the water. Adding extra detergent can compensate for, but this increases costs and causes further water pollution due to the phosphates contained in detergents. Use of heavy duty liquid detergents can solve the issue.Other water problems include rusty water, turbid water and acid rain. They all cause staining and colour disfiguration of fabrics. Across most of Europe these water problems are rectified, using relevant filters, before it reaches the main water supply in homes.SpaceStandard slipstream machines are 85cm in height and 60cm in width. This size comfortably fits beneath a kitchen work surface. Unless the consumer has a gain room in the home, the washing machine is most apt(predicate) to sit within a kitchen as it is convenient for plumbing.In more compact kitchens, the washing machine tends to dominate the environment as in Figure 11. It spoils the appearance of the kitchen. A kitchen of this type is likely to be in a home with maximum one or two occupants. Such a large machine is often not required.A tumble dryer also occupies the same amount of space, and in a kitchen like Figure 11, it cannot be accommodated.MoneyLaundry is a very button intensive procedure, with most of it world used to genus Oestrus water in the washing process, and then extract water in t he drying process (See Energy Efficiency Section x). Detergents are another major consumable that tend to vary in cost greatly, depending upon brand. Not everyone can afford the more expensive detergents, which are proven to be slightly more effectual compared to budget variants.One in five adults use less than the recommended dose to make their laundry detergent last longer. (Figure 37. robes race Products Mintel)And 21% of people in the same survey have switched to supermarket brands to save cash.Buying the washing machine and tumble dryer is also very costly with the average B rated models cost approximately 270 and 340 respectively. Although, the life expectancy of these products are generally very good according to Appliance Life Expectancy (Demesne 2007). A washing machine is judge to last up to 11 years and a tumble dryer closer to 14 years.Psychology of LaundryA report by Mintel, Clothes Washing Products, theres a section named Consumer Attitudes Towards Laundry(Mintel 2 009) . This report has provided most of the information for this particular section.The underlying topics of this report are costs and convenience. Saving money has become a key influence in doing laundry, and this will be further boosted by the current economic climate and lack of consumer confidence.In a survey conducted by Mintel (Mintel 2009), it showed that 56% of people prefer to buy clothes that do not require dry cleaning. In the same survey it also shows that 27% of people sometimes wash clothes in a washing machine even though they are Dry Clean only items. It shows that people dont want extra hassle. Many consumers are even choosing to not wash their clothes after every wear, and are using smaller doses of detergent to make their money go that bit further. Performing more washes, wears out fabrics quicker.Given the chore of doing the laundry, products that take the hassle out of clothes washing wins the hearts of consumers (Mintel 2009). Consumers will hence grateful a simpler laundry procedure.Only one in ten people dont separate out colours from whites (Mintel 2009).This shows that there isnt a particular need for a specialist product in this area. The reason for this particular statistic could also be due to the fact it is an extremely well known pre-caution, and people are being far more conscious of making their clothes last longer.Teens are happiest to buy new clothes rather than looking after the ones they already own, which is the contrary to people over the age of 55. They are more likely to follow instructions and buy into more expensive detergents. Teens are less likely to have certificate of indebtedness with their money, and most often, it is left to the parents to do the laundry..men are just as cautious, if not more so, than women when it comes to washing their clothes.This is the absolute opposite from the common unimaginative view that men dont have a clue about laundry. Although this claim could partly be because men perform la undry less often than women, and are therefore less familiar with the process. They may feel the need to check the instructions for reassurance as a result.ConclusionsA Task Analysis highlighted that the laundry procedure involves too many stages. User Observations showed very little variation between each of the four participants methods taken to wash clothes. People skipped minor processes which they deemed unnecessary. Those living by themselves didnt require a large machine, as it was one of the reasons for washing less frequently.Consumer desire for lower costs and better convenience has been highlighted in the huge line of descent in Dry Cleaning clothes. Branded detergents are seen as most trusted, although consumers are using less to make their money go further. If less detergent is used, and water content and temperatures were reduced, costs would be massively reduced. Consumers are trying to make their clothes last longer, which can be aided by using less detergent or swi tching to more natural cleaning products.Laundry was seen as more of a chore amongst the younger participants during observations. They were the ones that supported the use of tumble dryers. Drying clothes outside was favoured by the elderly participants as they believed it produces fresher smelling fabrics.Washing machines tend to dominate smaller kitchens. Any new development must either be smaller, or have the possibility to be positioned away from the kitchen area.New developments to improve the laundry procedure gained very positive reactions by all participants. Concerns include the implications on fabrics and whether cleanliness will be maintained. Laundry times and overall costs need to be reduced too.New developments must narrative for different water problems, and although none of the participants were aware of the negative impacts detergents have on the environment, eco-efficiency needs to be improved. Other areas where people would like to see improvements include small er machines or the possibility to wash smaller loads without any affect on efficiency. By making the laundry process more enjoyable or positively interactive would be well received.What are the methods technologies that could clean clothes (Present and Future)This section firstly aims to view the expert opinions with regards to the Future of Laundry. A discussion of Future Technologies that could revolutionise the washing procedure follows. The section concludes with an investigation into technologies from other devices that could benefit the future laundry procedure.Speak to ExpertsAt the end of 2007 Henkel hosted a scientific company on The Future of Washing. From this conference a publication named the Future of Washing(Henkel 2008) was produced.Early in the publication it was recommended that innovations must always conform to social, ecological and economic responsibility (Henkel 2008). This suggests that sustainability must remain a key focus for all future developments.Cons umers priorities are undergoing definite transformations. Saving energy is what they want most (Henkel 2008). This is quite a change from two years ago when washing efficiency took precedence over energy conservation. This is a result of greater exposure of the current global situations and increasing energy prices. Consumers though, are not willing to back down on standards of hygiene.Out of 100 people interviewed, almost 70% named washing machines as the most indispensable household appliance (Henkel 2009). This suggests that this is a very high risk product, and you cant afford to get it wrong. Consumers are so used to the process at the moment that they will scrutinise any new technologies.Of 65 million washing machines sold each year, most of which are sold in Europe 25 million (Henkel 2009). As a result, it would be wise to target any new innovations at the European market, since it is the most thriving market.In the future, we will have to be more proactive in addressing se gments and matching concepts to specific target groups (Henkel 2008).Washing machines are becoming more intelligent and gaining new features, hence more complex. The older generations, who struggle with all the new gadgets, will no doubt have difficulty. By comparison, many of the younger generations will welcome such features as it adds a new dimension to what is currently quite a mundane task.Throughout the publication, a major highlight has been energy conservation and efficiency. In a individual(prenominal) communication with the founder of http//laundry.about.com, Mary Marlowe Leverette also believed that protecting natural resources is a high priority (Leverette 2009).Mary also gave her personal insight into the Future of Laundry. She thought that there will be greater advances in more energy and environmentally efficient laundry products and techniques, using less water and detergent. She also thought that there will be additional work in the design of fabrics that repel sta ins and odours (Leverette 2009). See Appendices xFuture TechnologiesWashing With Only a Single Cup of WaterDeveloped by researchers at Leeds University and Xeros. The invention has been proven to wash clothes using only a cup of water, nylon polymer beads and a little detergent. This method is claimed to use only 2% of the water and energy required from an ordinary washer and dryer.The nylon polymer beads have a special polarity that draws the stains out of the clothes and into the centre of the beads. Humidity causes the nylon polymers to become very absorbent. It soaks up the water and dirt, therefore no rinse or spin bicycle is required (Go Green Today 2009). The clothes are roughly dry once the cycle is completed, which boosts its green credentials.The main question touch this technique regards the disposal of the nylon beads. Each wash requires 20kg of nylon beads, and need to be replaced after approximately six months or 100 washes. So what happens after six months when eve ry household needs to dispose of the beads? The nylon beads are not recyclable.Ultrasound/Ultrasonic TechnologyUltrasonic technology applied to the textile washing industry has been a subject of investigation for many years. It has proved effective in the removal of soils from fabrics. There are many negatives that have been preventing it from becoming a commercially viable technique, in particular the relatively high cost of equipment and lack of availability. Fabrics need to be positioned very close to the high intensity source and only a few layers can be penetrated.Institute of Acoustics in Madrid, found that using ultrasound would speed up a washing cycle from 30-45 minutes to 5-10 minutes. Ultrasound industrial plant well on grease and dirt (Independent 1994).In Japan, Sanyo have been trying to commercialise a machine that uses Ultrasound technology. Electrodes are placed on the side of the tub, which electrolyze the water. An ultrasonic wave generator at the base of the mach ine uses sonic waves to generate millions of tiny air bubbles to help unwrap grime and grit on clothes in a purely mechanical action. With this product Sanyo have tried to make very few alterations to a current washing machine, meaning its not as effective as it could be.Steam CleaningUses clean water to create a powerful cleaning force. It leaves no toxic residues on surfaces and does not stain clothing. Steam is able to kill well known bacteria such as e-coli, listeria, and salmonella although these are viands related bacteria (Earlex 2008).Steam has been recently introduced into some of the latest domestic washing machines, but it cannot be used as the only source of dirt removing agent. When used in conjunction with the regular washing process it can be of good benefit since it can reduce the water content required and can raise the temperature inside the drum using less energy.Silver Nano TechnologyClothes washed in a solution of silver ions become sterilised. Water is passed finished silver ions, which prevent bacteria and microbes attaching onto the clothes. The silver kills germs whilst oxidation reaction lifts dirt and odours (Washing Machine Reviews 2009). Fabrics that are coated with silver nano become anti-bacterial for upto 30 days.The main problem with silver ions being introduced into the wash cycle is that scientists are not sure of the long-term effects on mankind. Cold water can be used which is a huge eco-benefit, and although some sources state that no detergent is required, others state that a small amount is, on more intemperately soiled fabrics.Development of Fabrics Nano CoatingWhile the idea of using nano-particles to enable textiles to repel dirt and self-clean is not new, the uses to which this technology is being applied and enhanced are increasing almost daily (Just-Style 2008).The Lotus Effect is becoming a far more commonly used term in the textile industry. It is a metaphor being used to describe how water and dirt drip of th e structured fabric surface, just like a lotus leaf. The process works by reducing the surface area available for dirt to gather on. This is made possible by coating the fabric with tiny nanoscale wax pyramids (Just-Style 2008).The fabrics are dipped in a solution of nano-whiskers, which contains cotton that is a 1/1000th of the width of cotton fibre. A cushion of air is created, which improves its wrinkle resistor and causes liquids to bead up and roll-off. It is designed for use on cotton, polyester, wool, silk and rayon.Adidas is one of the many large clothing retailers that is using Nano-Tex to protect its sportswear, which suggests that nano-coating has the possibility to ultimately become mainstream. Figure x is priced at 48, which isnt hugely more expensive than non-coated equivalents.Anti-microbial silver particles can be embedded into fabrics which prevents the growth of bacteria and other odours. Though nano-silver is known to darken fabrics hence pure white fabric will be difficult to produce.As well as the lotus-effect, there have been discussions about Ultraviolet-C light being able to clean nano-coated fabrics. This would be a very economical solution since no water would be required, but there is very little prove of the viability of this method.Can Technology From Other Devices Be Incorporated?Mangle / Pasta MakerThe mangle was designed in the 18th Century to aid the wringing of water from wet laundry. Clothes were passed between two rollers which squeezed water out. A pasta maker uses the same principle to flatten dough.Salad SpinnerAs the internal basket rotates, centrifugal force pulls the salad to the outer edges where the liquid escapes through the holes. A standard front-loading washing machine uses a very similar method with its perforated drum. This is dormant a very effective method for removing water. The system of spinning out the water would yet be more efficient if it spun nearly a just axis instead.JacuzziHighly pressurised jets plunging water at the clothes from different directions would help to agitate the fabrics very well as the force will open up the fibres.Spherical Roller BearingThis allows random movements slightly 5-axis. A spherical container to wash the clothes in could stimulate these movements allowing far better agitation of the fabrics. frogmanA plunger is able to create a vacuum in which air and water is able to forcefully loosen dirt from fabrics. This technique would negociate the need for any rotational movements to agitate the fabrics.Simulate Hand MovementsWashing by hands is considered to be the most efficient method of removing stains since it flexes the fibres apart, allowing water and detergent to pass through. So in theory, a device that could simulate hand movement would produce very clean fabrics.ConclusionsThe publication on the Future of Laundry (Henkel2008), understandably, avoided mentioning developments that did not require detergents as Persil Detergents is one of t heir brands. A key point in the publication was that sustainability must remain a key focus. Mary Marlowe Leverette also believed that protecting natural resources is very important (Leverette 2009).There is opportunity to target a new product at specific groups. It has already been established that students have different laundry requirements compared to a mother. Considering that Europe is the largest market for new washing machines, new innovations should initially be targeted at this market.Consumers are trying to save energy at all costs. Water is the sole reason why the laundry procedure consumes so much energy. Therefore new developments will need to reduce, if not eliminate water content. The technology, Washing With Only a Single Cup of Water, would provide huge energy savings since the clothes come out virtually dry. Detergent is still required in the wash. There are concerns over the disposal of the vast quantity of nylon beads as they are not recyclable. This is not a su stainable technique.Steam is a good addition to the wash cycle to kill bacteria and allergens, and raise temperatures quickly, but it cannot solely remove dirt. This is the same for silver nano technology. Silver ions can be introduced to a cold wash cycle to kill bacteria. Silver ions will also become embedded into the fabric making it anti-microbial for up to 30 days.There is a vast amount of continuing research into nano-coating fabrics. Top clothing manufacturers are applying the technique to many of their products, which suggests that this could eventually become mainstream. Mary Marlowe Leverette also thought that development of fabrics is the future (Leverette 2009)Another proven technique is ultrasound technology. No detergents are required, but the fabric items need to be placed in close proximity to the source. The Pasta Maker provides inspiration on how this technique can be made feasible. When pasta is passed through the rollers, this could be like clothes being passed t hrough an ultrasound source to remove dirt. The rollers could also remove excess water, like the mangle. A powerful stream in the opposite direction could carry the loosened dirt away.The jacuzzi and spherical roller bearings provide inspiration for random movements. Washing machines only turn around a single axis, but if the clothes could be pounded at from different directions it would agitate them more effectively. All of which leads to simulating hand movements, which provides the ultimate random movements.Can Laundry Become Greener?This section of the report aims to investigate if laundry methods from the past and in other countries could contribute towards a more modern green laundry technique. An investigation into Energy Efficiency of the current laundry methods then follows.Greener Methods From the Past Other CountriesIn the developing world, laundry is often viewed differently compared to the UK. There are places around the world where washing can be about meaning, about family contribution, about providing nice feelings (Henkel 2009)Is there opportunity to integrate such emotion into the Future of Laundry? This would be good since it will remove the almost robotic and soul-less techniques adopted today.Washing By HandThis is a method that has proved to be most touristy over the years and is still in use today. Many sources have suggested that washing clothes by hand produces cleaner results as the flexing of the fibres allows more water to penetrate in, hence agitating the fabric more.Clothes are initially soaked in a basin/faucet containing detergent. The detergent is often dissolve in a small cup beforehand. The clothes are then rinsed several times before hanging out to dry.Its a very time-consuming method, but one that is well established. The wringing action opens up the fibres to allow the detergent water to pass through. For more stubborn stains a washboard (see Figure 3) is commonly used for scrubbing. Modern washing machines struggle to m atch the cleanliness of the hand-washed clothes since they do not flex the fibres in the same way, but it does massively improve the time consumption of washing and drying. It is far more energy efficient though since all the energy being applied is human intervention.Water availability was a big concern in Mexico as running water was never guaranteed.a key desired feature was the possibility to recycle both wash and rinse water. (Henkel2008)The Lavadero is a specialised wash basin that has been used for washing clothes for years. The surface is inclined so that water accumulates in the deep end whilst the ribs act as a rubbing surface. Water would often be provided by that collected in the roof tanks during heavy rainfall.Dh

Pop :: Essays Papers

Pop It is 659 in the morning on a nice fall day. The sun is out the leaves have already begun falling and the temperature is in the mid 50s. It is Saturday and the weekend is already looking bright. A secondment later there is an alarm clock blast and Richard quickly turns it off. His room is always cold but for some reason thats the way he likes to stay. It could be the middle of winter and he will have the fan on. He sits on the edge of his bed, puts his glasses on and stays there for a a few(prenominal) minutespatiently waiting for the cobwebs to leave his tired, aching head. Finally he gets up and gets dressed, putting on a pair of clean, faded jeans, a T-shirt and a zippered hooded sweater. Richard then proceeds to go downstairs to the kitchen, where his wife of 47 years, Vera, already has pot of coffee brewing. The strong, rich aroma has quickly enveloped the room. Dick, did you sleep well last night? Vera asks. As Richard reaches for the medicine cabinet, he replies, No , all night long my allergies felt like a locomotive was running by means of my head. Richard starts swallowing some pills, some for his allergies and some for his diabetes, slightly throwing his head back with each pill as if to insure it would go down quickly. Richard talks to Vera for a few more minutes, small talk, nothing much. He is a man of few words. He walks outside to feed his horses. The air is crisp and as he strolls he can hear the crunching of leaves beneath his feet. In the barn, the sun is shining through the cracks in the roof. This makes him feel good and alive, knowing it is a great day to ken the country on horseback. Richard comes back in the house, sits down at the kitchen counter and starts watching the news. Hey Dick, do you want to wake Michael and ask him if he wants to go with us to Darrells for breakfast? Yeah, Ill just finish my cup of coffee. It is now close to 8 oclock and Richard goes and wakes Michael and asks him. Michael replies, No, Pop, Im t ired and I have a football game later. As Michael is saying this, he reaches over to make sure his alarm clock is off, and as he does, his weapon system comes up on his arm, clearly showing a tattoo.

Leaving the Cocoon :: Example Personal Narratives

Leaving the Cocoon   I wasnt quite sure how to react. I had never been called a white boy before, especially by somebody I hardly knew. As I turned my head not knowing what to expect, I found myself face to face with a grinning boy, whose stooped smile gave him an almost devilish appearance. This was my premiere encounter with Oscar Jovel, an El Salvadorian student on our trip to Thailand over the summer.   You could imagine my delight when I heard that we would be living together with a Thai family and sharing the same bed for six straight weeks. During the next couple of days I was faint with apprehension. The first thing both of our eyes fell on when we arrived at our tiny Thai house was the five by four foot bed we would share. It was passing small, in respect to both length and width, with a bright pink mosquito net hanging around it. That first night, we often woke up, cramped and hot, to discover ourselves literally on top of each other. Although initially embarra ssing, we began to find the situation more and more comical. To our surprise and delight, we discovered that we had the same sense of humor. From then on, we discussed our sleeping habits openly and complained about the others loud snoring. We began to stay up late into the night discussing our lives and the difficult issues we each had to deal with.   One night we talked into the early hours of the morning about his life history in San Francisco. I could only listen wide-eyed and in disbelief as he talked about how close he had been to joining an El Salvadorian gang. I watched him with intense curiosity as he slowly told his story. I noticed how he would almost squeeze his eyes closed with his large cheeks when he was computer storage something that made him angry, or thrust his chin out in a clumsy manner when he was excited. He told me of how he had been ready to be trounce into the gang. When I asked him why he would be willing to do that, he responded by describing how vicious his world was, and then explained that the initiation was a tiny equipment casualty for the protection he would get from the gang in return.   My respect for him only increased when I sat silently as he told me of his best relay station who had been shot in the head in a drive-by shooting.